The search for a neutron EDM at the Spallation Neutron Source, ORNL - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SLIDE 1

The search for a neutron EDM at the Spallation Neutron Source, ORNL

Kent Leung North Carolina State University & Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory

International Workshop on Particle Physics at Neutron Sources 2018: May 24-26

SLIDE 2

10

−32

10

−30

10

−28

10

−26

10

−24

10

−22

10

−20

10

−18

dn [e cm] 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year of Experiment

Beams UCN CryoEDM PSI MultiCell

3He−UCN

Super− Symmetry Multi−Higgs Milliweak Electro− magnetic Cosmology Superweak Standard Model

Experimental upper limit of nEDM

Cosmology Superweak

Super− Symmetry Multi−Higgs Milliweak Electro− magnetic Cosmology Superweak Standard Model

Baker et al. (2006) + Pendlebury et al. (2015) UCN+199Hg comagnetometer

Year of experiment

1

Statistical Shot noise limit: σ(dn) =

~ 2αET √ N

α = polarization contrast E = electric field

EW baryogenesis with observed baryon content (5!) for CP- violation in ”bino-Higgsino” sector of Minimally Symmetric Standard Model. Li, Profumo, Ramsey-Musolf (2009).

nEDM sensitivity

T = coherence time

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N = number of observed neutrons

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nEDM limit

3 × 10−27 e·cm

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3 × 10−28

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10−27

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10−28

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SLIDE 3

p

• l

a r i z e d 9 Å n e u t r

• n

b e a m

deuterated polymer (160 neV) coating on inner walls

dPMMA front window

2

How we get to !(10-28) e.cm?

σ(dn) = ~ 2αET √ N

α = polarization contrast E = electric field

T = coherence time

<latexit sha1_base64="khDu+84unL1tkW/rI8rWZy8KZS4=">ACA3icbVA9SwNBFNzM8avU8s0i0GwkHARQS2EgI1lhMQEkiPsbV6SJbt3x+47MRwpbPwrNhYqtv4JO/+Nm+QKTRxYGbe4+1MEth0PO+naXldW19dxGfnNre2fX3du/M1GiOdR5JCPdDJgBKUKo0AJzVgDU4GERjC8nviNe9BGRGENRzH4ivVD0ROcoZU6bqFGr2gb4QG1Snk0A0hB4pCwbjFr2SNwVdJOWMFEmGasf9ancjnigIkUtmTKvsxeinTKPgEsb5dmIgZnzI+tCyNGQKjJ9OQ4zpkVW6tBdp+0KkU/X3RsqUMSMV2EnFcGDmvYn4n9dKsHfhpyKME7TZod6iaQY0UkjtCs0cJQjSxjXwv6V8gHTjKPtLW9LKM9HXiT109Jlybs9K1ZOsjZypEAOyTEpk3NSITekSuqEk0fyTF7Jm/PkvDjvzsdsdMnJdg7IHzifP9a7l7o=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="khDu+84unL1tkW/rI8rWZy8KZS4=">ACA3icbVA9SwNBFNzM8avU8s0i0GwkHARQS2EgI1lhMQEkiPsbV6SJbt3x+47MRwpbPwrNhYqtv4JO/+Nm+QKTRxYGbe4+1MEth0PO+naXldW19dxGfnNre2fX3du/M1GiOdR5JCPdDJgBKUKo0AJzVgDU4GERjC8nviNe9BGRGENRzH4ivVD0ROcoZU6bqFGr2gb4QG1Snk0A0hB4pCwbjFr2SNwVdJOWMFEmGasf9ancjnigIkUtmTKvsxeinTKPgEsb5dmIgZnzI+tCyNGQKjJ9OQ4zpkVW6tBdp+0KkU/X3RsqUMSMV2EnFcGDmvYn4n9dKsHfhpyKME7TZod6iaQY0UkjtCs0cJQjSxjXwv6V8gHTjKPtLW9LKM9HXiT109Jlybs9K1ZOsjZypEAOyTEpk3NSITekSuqEk0fyTF7Jm/PkvDjvzsdsdMnJdg7IHzifP9a7l7o=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="khDu+84unL1tkW/rI8rWZy8KZS4=">ACA3icbVA9SwNBFNzM8avU8s0i0GwkHARQS2EgI1lhMQEkiPsbV6SJbt3x+47MRwpbPwrNhYqtv4JO/+Nm+QKTRxYGbe4+1MEth0PO+naXldW19dxGfnNre2fX3du/M1GiOdR5JCPdDJgBKUKo0AJzVgDU4GERjC8nviNe9BGRGENRzH4ivVD0ROcoZU6bqFGr2gb4QG1Snk0A0hB4pCwbjFr2SNwVdJOWMFEmGasf9ancjnigIkUtmTKvsxeinTKPgEsb5dmIgZnzI+tCyNGQKjJ9OQ4zpkVW6tBdp+0KkU/X3RsqUMSMV2EnFcGDmvYn4n9dKsHfhpyKME7TZod6iaQY0UkjtCs0cJQjSxjXwv6V8gHTjKPtLW9LKM9HXiT109Jlybs9K1ZOsjZypEAOyTEpk3NSITekSuqEk0fyTF7Jm/PkvDjvzsdsdMnJdg7IHzifP9a7l7o=</latexit>

isotopically pure 4He @ 0.4 K

B0 = 30 mG

< l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " K n j Q d X d / 1 q u 3 5 z Z + V x 7 3 2 u w

• k

B s = " > A A A C D n i c b V D L S s N A F J 3 U V 6 2 v W J d u B

• v

g

• p

S J C u p C K L r Q Z Q V j C I k + m k H T q T h J m J W E I / w h 9 w q 3 / g S t z 6 C / 6 A 3 2 H S Z m F b D 1 w 4 n H M v 5 3 L 8 m D O l E f

• 2

S k v L K 6 t r 5 f X K x u b W 9

• 6

5 W 3 1 Q U S I J t U n E I 9 n x s a K c h d T W T H P a i S X F w u e 7 Q + v c 7 / 9 S K V i U X i v R z F 1 B e 6 H L G A E 6 z y z O q V h + A l P E G p I 4 V T h + J m 7 J k 1 1 E A T w E V i F a Q G C r Q 8 8 8 f p R S Q R N N S E Y 6 W 6 F

• q

1 m 2 K p G e F X H E S R W N M h r h P u x k N s a D K T S e / j + F h p v R g E M l s Q g n 6 t + L F A u l R s L P N g X W A z X v 5 e J / X j f R w b m b s j B O N A 3 J N C h I O N Q R z I u A P S Y p X y U E U w k y 3 6 F Z I A l J j q r a y Y l H

• w

U I y

• v

x p q v Y Z H Y x 4 2 L B r

• 7

r T X r R U N l s A 8 O w B G w w B l

• g

l v Q A j Y g 4 A m 8 g F f w Z j w b 7 8 a H 8 T l d L R n F z R 6 Y g f H 1 C 7 x m Q = < / l a t e x i t > < l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " K n j Q d X d / 1 q u 3 5 z Z + V x 7 3 2 u w

• k

B s = " > A A A C D n i c b V D L S s N A F J 3 U V 6 2 v W J d u B

• v

g

• p

S J C u p C K L r Q Z Q V j C I k + m k H T q T h J m J W E I / w h 9 w q 3 / g S t z 6 C / 6 A 3 2 H S Z m F b D 1 w 4 n H M v 5 3 L 8 m D O l E f

• 2

S k v L K 6 t r 5 f X K x u b W 9

• 6

5 W 3 1 Q U S I J t U n E I 9 n x s a K c h d T W T H P a i S X F w u e 7 Q + v c 7 / 9 S K V i U X i v R z F 1 B e 6 H L G A E 6 z y z O q V h + A l P E G p I 4 V T h + J m 7 J k 1 1 E A T w E V i F a Q G C r Q 8 8 8 f p R S Q R N N S E Y 6 W 6 F

• q

1 m 2 K p G e F X H E S R W N M h r h P u x k N s a D K T S e / j + F h p v R g E M l s Q g n 6 t + L F A u l R s L P N g X W A z X v 5 e J / X j f R w b m b s j B O N A 3 J N C h I O N Q R z I u A P S Y p X y U E U w k y 3 6 F Z I A l J j q r a y Y l H

• w

U I y

• v

x p q v Y Z H Y x 4 2 L B r

• 7

r T X r R U N l s A 8 O w B G w w B l

• g

l v Q A j Y g 4 A m 8 g F f w Z j w b 7 8 a H 8 T l d L R n F z R 6 Y g f H 1 C 7 x m Q = < / l a t e x i t > < l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " K n j Q d X d / 1 q u 3 5 z Z + V x 7 3 2 u w

• k

B s = " > A A A C D n i c b V D L S s N A F J 3 U V 6 2 v W J d u B

• v

g

• p

S J C u p C K L r Q Z Q V j C I k + m k H T q T h J m J W E I / w h 9 w q 3 / g S t z 6 C / 6 A 3 2 H S Z m F b D 1 w 4 n H M v 5 3 L 8 m D O l E f

• 2

S k v L K 6 t r 5 f X K x u b W 9

• 6

5 W 3 1 Q U S I J t U n E I 9 n x s a K c h d T W T H P a i S X F w u e 7 Q + v c 7 / 9 S K V i U X i v R z F 1 B e 6 H L G A E 6 z y z O q V h + A l P E G p I 4 V T h + J m 7 J k 1 1 E A T w E V i F a Q G C r Q 8 8 8 f p R S Q R N N S E Y 6 W 6 F

• q

1 m 2 K p G e F X H E S R W N M h r h P u x k N s a D K T S e / j + F h p v R g E M l s Q g n 6 t + L F A u l R s L P N g X W A z X v 5 e J / X j f R w b m b s j B O N A 3 J N C h I O N Q R z I u A P S Y p X y U E U w k y 3 6 F Z I A l J j q r a y Y l H

• w

U I y

• v

x p q v Y Z H Y x 4 2 L B r

• 7

r T X r R U N l s A 8 O w B G w w B l

• g

l v Q A j Y g 4 A m 8 g F f w Z j w b 7 8 a H 8 T l d L R n F z R 6 Y g f H 1 C 7 x m Q = < / l a t e x i t >

N = no. observed neutrons

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• Super-thermal UCN production and accumulation in superfluid helium for high density
• Polarized PUCN = 0.31 UCN/cm3/s; "up(0.4 K) ≈ 70,000 s
• Cryogenic UCN storage => low wall loss due to suppression of up-scattering loss ("walls

≈ 2,000 s). Store UCNs with time constant ≈ 600 s

• Can accumulate UCN density of ∼ 180 UCN/cm3

SLIDE 4

3

• Superfluid helium can support E > 80 kV/cm

(2x cells)

E

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B0

< l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " k C y 7 Y c V F u

• q

+ U / D 7 R f v y 7 B U 3 u e I = " > A A A B / X i c b V D L S s N A F L 3 x W e u r 6 t L N Y B F c S E l E U H d F N y 4 r G l t

• Q

5 l M J + 3 Q y U y Y m Q g h F P w B t /

• H

r s S t 3 + I P + B 1 O 2 y x s 6 4 E L h 3 P u 5 d 5 7 w

• Q

z b V z 3 2 1 l a X l l d W y 9 t l D e 3 t n d 2 K 3 v 7 j 1 q m i l C f S C 5 V K 8 S a c i a

• b

5 j h t J U

• i

u O Q 2 Y 4 v B n 7 z S e q N J P i w W Q J D W L c F y x i B B s r 3 V 9 3 3 W 6 l 6 t b c C d A i 8 Q p S h Q K N b u W n 5 M k j a k w h G O t 2 5 6 b m C D H y j D C 6 a j c S T V N M B n i P m 1 b K n B M d Z B P T h 2 h Y 6 v U C S V L W H Q R P 7 k e N Y 6 y w O b W e M z U D P e 2 P x P 6 + d m u g y y J l I U k M F m S 6 K U

• 6

M R O O / U Y 8 p S g z P L M F E M X s r I g O s M D E 2 n Z k t y S D T j O i R D c a b j 2 G R + G e 1 q 5 p 7 d 1 6 t n x Y J l e A Q j u A E P L i A O t x C A 3 w g I c X e I U 3 5 9 l 5 d z 6 c z 2 n r k l P M H M A M n K 9 f d H e W D g = = < / l a t e x i t > < l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " k C y 7 Y c V F u

• q

+ U / D 7 R f v y 7 B U 3 u e I = " > A A A B / X i c b V D L S s N A F L 3 x W e u r 6 t L N Y B F c S E l E U H d F N y 4 r G l t

• Q

5 l M J + 3 Q y U y Y m Q g h F P w B t /

• H

r s S t 3 + I P + B 1 O 2 y x s 6 4 E L h 3 P u 5 d 5 7 w

• Q

z b V z 3 2 1 l a X l l d W y 9 t l D e 3 t n d 2 K 3 v 7 j 1 q m i l C f S C 5 V K 8 S a c i a

• b

5 j h t J U

• i

u O Q 2 Y 4 v B n 7 z S e q N J P i w W Q J D W L c F y x i B B s r 3 V 9 3 3 W 6 l 6 t b c C d A i 8 Q p S h Q K N b u W n 5 M k j a k w h G O t 2 5 6 b m C D H y j D C 6 a j c S T V N M B n i P m 1 b K n B M d Z B P T h 2 h Y 6 v U C S V L W H Q R P 7 k e N Y 6 y w O b W e M z U D P e 2 P x P 6 + d m u g y y J l I U k M F m S 6 K U

• 6

M R O O / U Y 8 p S g z P L M F E M X s r I g O s M D E 2 n Z k t y S D T j O i R D c a b j 2 G R + G e 1 q 5 p 7 d 1 6 t n x Y J l e A Q j u A E P L i A O t x C A 3 w g I c X e I U 3 5 9 l 5 d z 6 c z 2 n r k l P M H M A M n K 9 f d H e W D g = = < / l a t e x i t > < l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " k C y 7 Y c V F u

• q

+ U / D 7 R f v y 7 B U 3 u e I = " > A A A B / X i c b V D L S s N A F L 3 x W e u r 6 t L N Y B F c S E l E U H d F N y 4 r G l t

• Q

5 l M J + 3 Q y U y Y m Q g h F P w B t /

• H

r s S t 3 + I P + B 1 O 2 y x s 6 4 E L h 3 P u 5 d 5 7 w

• Q

z b V z 3 2 1 l a X l l d W y 9 t l D e 3 t n d 2 K 3 v 7 j 1 q m i l C f S C 5 V K 8 S a c i a

• b

5 j h t J U

• i

u O Q 2 Y 4 v B n 7 z S e q N J P i w W Q J D W L c F y x i B B s r 3 V 9 3 3 W 6 l 6 t b c C d A i 8 Q p S h Q K N b u W n 5 M k j a k w h G O t 2 5 6 b m C D H y j D C 6 a j c S T V N M B n i P m 1 b K n B M d Z B P T h 2 h Y 6 v U C S V L W H Q R P 7 k e N Y 6 y w O b W e M z U D P e 2 P x P 6 + d m u g y y J l I U k M F m S 6 K U

• 6

M R O O / U Y 8 p S g z P L M F E M X s r I g O s M D E 2 n Z k t y S D T j O i R D c a b j 2 G R + G e 1 q 5 p 7 d 1 6 t n x Y J l e A Q j u A E P L i A O t x C A 3 w g I c X e I U 3 5 9 l 5 d z 6 c z 2 n r k l P M H M A M n K 9 f d H e W D g = = < / l a t e x i t >

• Super-thermal UCN production and accumulation in superfluid helium for high density
• Polarized PUCN = 0.31 UCN/cm3/s; !up(0.4 K) ≈ 70,000 s
• Cryogenic UCN storage => low wall loss due to suppression of up-scattering loss (!walls

≈ 2,000 s). Store UCNs with time constant ≈ 600 s

• Can accumulate UCN density of ∼ 180 UCN/cm3

How we get to #(10-28) e.cm?

σ(dn) = ~ 2αET √ N

α = polarization contrast E = electric field

T = coherence time

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N = no. observed neutrons

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SLIDE 5

4

• Use a small 3000 cm3 measurement cell: 40 cm x 10 cm x 7.5 cm
• Cryogenic environment natural for Pb superconducting magnetic shielding
• UCN spin analysis live and in-situ with polarized 3He (via scintillation light in helium)
• Polarized 3He also serves as co-magnetometer (via SQUID magnetometers)

*polarized 3He: x3 ∼ 10-10 & P3 ∼ 98%

* in reality polarized 3He will be loaded before UCNs

∝ L2

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∝ L4

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• Systematic errors all < 1.5 x 10-28 e.cm

“false EDM” effect transverse depolarization time

“geometric phase induced linear in E frequency shift” (interaction between & B gradients)

Bv×E

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(≈ 20,000 s)

How we get to "(10-28) e.cm?

σ(dn) = ~ 2αET √ N

α = polarization contrast E = electric field

T = coherence time

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N = no. observed neutrons

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SLIDE 6

Fundamental Neutron Physics Beam Line + External Building 1 Target Accumulator Ring LINAC

The Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Lab

5

• 1.4 MW @ 1 GeV pulsed proton beam
• mercury spallation target
• FNPB polarized cold neutron beam
• chopped to 8.9 Å
• PUCN = 0.31 UCN/cm3/s

polarizer 8 m ballistic guide 24 m straight transition guide 3 m neutron beam splitter

SLIDE 7

nEDM@SNS collaboration

Arizona State University

Ricardo Alarcon, Adam Dipert

Bartoszek Engineering

Larry Bartoszek

Brown University

George Seidel

California Institute of Technology

Marie Blatnik, Bob Carr, Brad Filippone, Roy Holt, Chub Osthelder, Simon Slutsky, Xuan Sun, Chris Swank, Wanchun Wei

Duke University

Haiyan Gao, Tianbo Liu, Zhiwen Zhao

University of Illinois

Doug Beck, Blake Erickson, Jaakko Koivuniemi, Thomas Rao, Steve Williamson

Indiana University University of Kentucky

Alina Aleksandrova, Mark Broering, Chris Crawford, Ryan Dadisman, Wolfgang Korsch, Mark McCrea, Brad Plaster

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Steven Clayton, Scott Currie, Takeyasu Ito, Steve MacDonald , Mark Makela, Chris O'Shaughnessy, Nguyen Phan, Erick Smith

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Jason Bessuille, Ernie Ihloff, Jim Kelsey, Bob Redwine, Evgeni Tsentalovich

National Autonomous University of Mexico

Libertad Barron Palos

Mississippi State University

Dipangkar Dutta, Jed Leggett

North Carolina State University

Igor Berkutov, Robert Golub, Paul Huffman, Ekaterina Korobkina, Kent Leung

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Leah Broussard, Vince Cianciolo , Yuri Efremenko, Paul Mueller, Seppo Penttila, John Ramsey, Weijun Yao

Simon Fraser University

Mike Hayden

Tennessee Tech University

Adam Holley

University of Tennessee Valparaiso University

Shirvel Stanislaus

University of Virginia

SLIDE 8

Polarized 3He as in-situ UCN spin analyzer

B0

3He

n

Sn S3

• Capture rate is:

angle between UCN & 3He spins

• 3He + n → p + 3T (Q=764keV) has spin-dependent capture cross-

section (T = 0.4 K, 30 m/s): Anti-Parallel spins: parallel spins:

∝ 1 − PnP3 cos θn3(t)

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σ↓↑ ≈ 800 kb

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σ↑↑ ≈ 0

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7

SLIDE 9

Polarized 3He as in-situ UCN spin analyzer

B0

3He

n

Sn S3

• Capture rate is:

angle between UCN & 3He spins

• 3He + n → p + 3T (Q=764keV) has spin-dependent capture cross-

section (T = 0.4 K, 30 m/s): Anti-Parallel spins: parallel spins:

• Light signal gives live angle of neutron spin relative to 3He spin!

Ø UCNs produced and spin analyzed in the cell (i.e. no transport loss) Ø ∼ 100% detection efficiency Ø more photo-electrons (PE) = better discrimination against backgrounds

• Superfluid helium as a scintillator:

Light collection efficiency test apparatus @ ORNL with "-source. Projected > 19 PE in final setup

∝ 1 − PnP3 cos θn3(t)

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green proton

He2(A1Σ+

u )

WLS fibers to SiPMs

PMMA

dTPB doped coating singlet excimer 80 nm (EUV) blue ionization

σ↓↑ ≈ 800 kb

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σ↑↑ ≈ 0

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8

SLIDE 10

Free precession measurement mode

apply !/2 pulse

• Effects of 3He EDM suppressed by Schiff screening (from atomic polarization)
• Live spin analysis: UCNs used more efficiently than fill-and-empty
• Take frequency difference between 2 cells & after reversal of E-polarity
• n-3He capture rate ∝ 1 − PnP3 cos θn3(t)

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B0 = 30 mG

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|γn − γ3|B0/(2π) ≈ 10 Hz

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γ3B0/(2π) ≈ 97 Hz

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ωfree

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{

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initial phase from separate studies

θn3(t) = ✓ |γn − γ3|B0 ± 2ednE ~ ◆ t + φ0

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B0

B0

free precession

9

SLIDE 11

Free precession measurement mode

apply !/2 pulse

• Effects of 3He EDM suppressed by Schiff screening (from atomic polarization)
• Live spin analysis: UCNs used more efficiently than fill-and-empty
• Take frequency difference between 2 cells & after reversal of E-polarity
• n-3He capture rate ∝ 1 − PnP3 cos θn3(t)

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B0 = 30 mG

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|γn − γ3|B0/(2π) ≈ 10 Hz

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γ3B0/(2π) ≈ 97 Hz

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ωfree

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{

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initial phase from separate studies

θn3(t) = ✓ |γn − γ3|B0 ± 2ednE ~ ◆ t + φ0

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0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

time [sec]

20 40 60

yi(ti) per 25 ms time bin

• 5

5

8-t ! 80 [7Hz]

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

probability density [7Hz!1]

σ(νfree) = 1.6 µHz per cycle per cell

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σ(dn) = 3.1 × 10−28 e·cm

<latexit sha1_base64="51f5vrj16DptpxgS2Yu9Q+EdM=">ACHnicbVDNSgMxGMz6W+tf1aOXYBEq1LJbRetBKHjxWMHaQreWbDZtQ5PskmSFsuybePFVvHhQETzp25ht96CtA4Fh5vIfOFjCpt29/WwuLS8spqbi2/vrG5tV3Y2b1TQSQxaeKABbLtIUYFaSpqWakHUqCuMdIyxtdpX7rgUhFA3GrxyHpcjQtE8x0kbqFc5cRQclfyeOIKX8KTiQFdThR07Pv4uFpLYrcMCYxdyaGL/UBDzJOkVyjaFXsCOE+cjBRBhkav8On6AY4ERozpFTHsUPdjZHUFDOS5N1IkRDhERqQjqECmQjdeHJfAg+N4sN+IM0TJkCq/t6IEVdqzD0zyZEeqlkvFf/zOpHu17oxFWGkicDTj/oRgzqAaVnQp5JgzcaGICypyQrxEmEtak0b0pwZk+eJ81q5aJi35wW6+WsjRzYBwegBxwDurgGjRAE2DwCJ7BK3iznqwX6936mI4uWNnOHvgD6+sH6vyf/A=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="51f5vrj16DptpxgS2Yu9Q+EdM=">ACHnicbVDNSgMxGMz6W+tf1aOXYBEq1LJbRetBKHjxWMHaQreWbDZtQ5PskmSFsuybePFVvHhQETzp25ht96CtA4Fh5vIfOFjCpt29/WwuLS8spqbi2/vrG5tV3Y2b1TQSQxaeKABbLtIUYFaSpqWakHUqCuMdIyxtdpX7rgUhFA3GrxyHpcjQtE8x0kbqFc5cRQclfyeOIKX8KTiQFdThR07Pv4uFpLYrcMCYxdyaGL/UBDzJOkVyjaFXsCOE+cjBRBhkav8On6AY4ERozpFTHsUPdjZHUFDOS5N1IkRDhERqQjqECmQjdeHJfAg+N4sN+IM0TJkCq/t6IEVdqzD0zyZEeqlkvFf/zOpHu17oxFWGkicDTj/oRgzqAaVnQp5JgzcaGICypyQrxEmEtak0b0pwZk+eJ81q5aJi35wW6+WsjRzYBwegBxwDurgGjRAE2DwCJ7BK3iznqwX6936mI4uWNnOHvgD6+sH6vyf/A=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="51f5vrj16DptpxgS2Yu9Q+EdM=">ACHnicbVDNSgMxGMz6W+tf1aOXYBEq1LJbRetBKHjxWMHaQreWbDZtQ5PskmSFsuybePFVvHhQETzp25ht96CtA4Fh5vIfOFjCpt29/WwuLS8spqbi2/vrG5tV3Y2b1TQSQxaeKABbLtIUYFaSpqWakHUqCuMdIyxtdpX7rgUhFA3GrxyHpcjQtE8x0kbqFc5cRQclfyeOIKX8KTiQFdThR07Pv4uFpLYrcMCYxdyaGL/UBDzJOkVyjaFXsCOE+cjBRBhkav8On6AY4ERozpFTHsUPdjZHUFDOS5N1IkRDhERqQjqECmQjdeHJfAg+N4sN+IM0TJkCq/t6IEVdqzD0zyZEeqlkvFf/zOpHu17oxFWGkicDTj/oRgzqAaVnQp5JgzcaGICypyQrxEmEtak0b0pwZk+eJ81q5aJi35wW6+WsjRzYBwegBxwDurgGjRAE2DwCJ7BK3iznqwX6936mI4uWNnOHvgD6+sH6vyf/A=</latexit>

90% C.L. = 5.1 × 10−28 e·cm

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300 live days (e.g. 2-3 years)

500 1000

time [sec]

20 40 60 80 100

yi(ti) per 25 ms time bin

zoom out

B0

B0

free precession

10 1 ¯ ⌧tot = 1 ⌧β + 1 ¯ ⌧walls + 1 ¯ ⌧3

˙ y(t) = N0 exp  − t ¯ ⌧tot + PnP3 ¯ ⌧3 Z t cos ✓n3(t0)dt0 ⇢✏β ⌧β + ✏3 ¯ ⌧3 [1 − P3Pn cos ✓n3(t)]

• + RBG

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simulated data

Total scintillation light rate:

SLIDE 12

apply strong off-resonance dressing field to alter precession

• f both species

Critical spin dressing

11

apply !/2 pulse

B0 B0

Bdress

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ωdress

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γ0 = γ J0 ✓γBdress ωdress ◆

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effective gyromagnetic ratio

• riginal

0th order Bessel function

0.2 0.4 0.6

Bdress=8dress [G=kHz]

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

.0=.n [rad s!1 T!1]

.0

n

.0

3

”critical dressing”

γ0

3 = γ0 n

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• Specific value of can make

Bdress/νdress

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In the limit Bdress B0

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• For instance, if is chosen,

then is needed

Bdress = 1 G

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νdress ≈ 2.5 kHz

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• If slightly above or below critical dressing condition, then

can make neutrons precess faster or slower than 3He as needed.

SLIDE 13

Dressed spin measurement mode

12

γ0

nB0 ± 2ednEJ0(γnBdress/ωdress)

~

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• The effect of neutron EDM with spin dressing:

(View in rest frame of 3He spin, B0 coming out of screen) Angle/scintillation light increases or decreases depending on E-direction

+

• φdress
• Use critical dressing field to sit at a fixed

(small but non-zero angle due to statistical reasons in presence of background)

φdress

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For systematics reasons, modulate from to using slightly above or below critical dressing

+φdress

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−φdress

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• Insensitive to static field in-homogeneities

300 live days (e.g. 2-3 years)

90% C.L. = 3 × 10−28 e·cm

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Sensitivity:

σ(dn) = 1.7 × 10−28 e·cm

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SLIDE 14

nEDM@SNS overview

13

CN beam (polarized 3He Atomic Beam Source)

3He services

Magnetic shield room Magnet package Central Detector System 2x cells

SLIDE 15

Measurement cell production

14

• Thermal treatment of PMMA plates to make suitable for cryogenics
• Coated with dPS+dTPB blend (160 neV, ~1 micron thickness)
• Glue cell together with dispensing machine
• AFM, Profilometer, NMR, neutron reflectometry, TOF-SIMS

performed on during production

• Class 1000 level clean room equipped with “photoresist” lamps

class “1000” clean room photoresist low-UV lights vacuum

• ven

chemical hood microscope guided, robotic dispensing machine swing coater

• Example of AFM image of coating to

show surface smooth to ~20nm for

3He polarization

• Blue scintillation efficiency 40% with

80nm input of pure eTPB

SLIDE 16

UCN storage measurements

15 SD2

1 m 6 T Magnet Al Foil UCN Monitor

6(m( 10(m(

s(

Cells cooled by flowing LN/gHe/LHe to ~ 15K

Cell

full-sized measurement cell (dPS+dTPB coated) under UV (300 nm) lamp

LANL UCN source

Verified storage results using “3He loading valve” design: deuterated PMMA plug (stainless steel guides ≈ 185 neV)

SLIDE 17

UCN storage results

cell & temp

N0,S N0,S+N0,L

τS

N0,L N0,S+N0,L

τL χ2

ν

A-1 90K 75 (3) % 61 (8) s 25 (3) % 373 (37) s 0.3 A-2 90K 70 (4) % 86 (15) s 30 (4) % 586 (73) s 1.6 B-1 90K 72 (6) % 123 (20) s 28 (6) % 382 (40) s 3.1 B-1 35K 60 (24) % 154 (56) s 40 (24) % 350 (97) s 0.4 B-1r 30K 87 (4) % 205 (13) s 13 (4) % 618 (98) s 0.6 B-2 92K 55 (5) % 53 (14) s 45 (5) % 455 (32) s 2.7 B-2 50K 53 (4) % 80 (17) s 47 (4) % 517 (45) s 0.8 B-2 58K 57 (3) % 103 (16) s 43 (3) % 564 (41) s 1.1 B-2 35K 56 (3) % 94 (17) s 44 (3) % 596 (49) s 6.1 B-2 22K 51 (2) % 97 (13) s 49 (2) % 579 (30) s 1.2 B-2 15K 50 (3) % 85 (14) s 50 (3) % 546 (43) s 0.8

N(t) = N0,S e−t/τS + N0,L e−t/τL

short living component long living component

500 1000 1500

hold time [s]

101 102 103

• num. surviving UCNs per empty

15 K 22 K 35 K 58 K 92 K

SLIDE 18

UCN storage results interpretation: “weak patch”

τ −1

tot (E) = τ −1 β

+ v(E)Awalls 4V ¯ µ(Uwalls, fwalls, E) 4V +v(E)Apatch 4V ¯ µ(Upatch, fpatch, E)

Wall-loss factor (W/V) of walls

20 40 60 80 100

temperature [K]

2 4 6 8 10

fwalls [#10!5]

A-1 (patch) A-2 (patch) B-1 B-1r B-2 (patch)

Material V (neV) Loss per bounce DPe (300K) 214 1.3 × 10−4 DLC on Al substrate (70K) 270 1.7 × 10−4 DLC on Al substrate (300K) 270 3.5 × 10−4 DLC on PET substrate (70K) 242 1.6 × 10−4 DLC on PET substrate (300K) 242 5.8 × 10−4 Fomblin 300K 106.5 2.2 × 10−5 Be (10 K) 252 3 × 10−5 Be (300K) 252 (4 − 10) × 10−5 NiP 213 1.3 × 10−4

58Ni

335 h Fe/steel/stainless 210 h

Chupp, Fierlinger, Ramsey-Musolf, Singh. Arxiv (2017):

• Only model found to fit data: small area (~0.3 cm2) of lowered optical potential (~90neV) exposed

to UCNs in cell

• Using this model and from UCN spectrum from Monte-Carlo simulations:

SLIDE 19

• E > 85 kV/cm demonstrated in 0.4 K He-II w/ 12cm diameter Cu-

implanted acrylic electrodes with smaller gap

• Sufficiently low leakage current demonstrated with PMMA insert

between electrodes

• Technique for reaching 635 kV using Cavallo multiplier system
• identified. Room temperature test apparatus below, Full-sized LHe

tests next.

High voltage

18

Copper ion implanted PMMA test electrode

Outer vacuum chamber 77K shield Central Volume Electrodes HV feedthroughs CV heat exchanger 3He pot 1 K pot LN2 reservoir 4 K LHe bath Evaporation valve

Ito, et al. Review of Scientific Instruments, 87(4):045113 (2016)

• “half scale” testing apparatus

currently commissioning. Courtesy: Ito, Clayton et al.

Clayton et al., Journal of Instrumentation 13 (2018)

SLIDE 20

Magnet package

Full-scale coil package designed and construction to begin Cryovessel arrived and leak tested successful ½-scale & 1/3rd scale

• Coils + flux returns, Pb shields
• Flowing LHe + exchange gas cooled
• Goal for average field gradients < 3 x 10-6 cm-1
• long coherence time and reduction of systematics
• S. Slutsky, C. Swank et al., NIM A 862 (2017)
• A. Pérez Galván, et al., NIM A 660 (2011)

K

• 0.1 Hz field from a coil

SLIDE 21

Polarized 3He services DR

20

LHe Bath 1K Pot and Plate Still, 0.7-0.9K Heat Exchanger Assembly No. 1 Heat Exchanger Assembly No. 2 Mixing Chamber, 75 mW at 0.25 K

Courtesy: D. Beck

DR testing setup @ UIUC

SLIDE 22

Polarized 3He as co-magnetometer

21

• Polarized 3He serves as the co-habiting magnetometer to correct for field differences (space & time)

free precession

B0

• In free precession mode, read out 3He precession with SQUIDs

Ø UCN density ~ 102 cm-3 ; 3He density ~ 1012 cm-3 (x3 ~ 10-10)

3He pick-up

coil to SQUIDs Despite being in same volume, two species can experience different effective magnetic fields

• Motion in the cell are different

Ø speed: UCN = 3 m/s (UCN) vs 3He = 30 m/s , Ø mean-free-paths: UCN = ballistic vs 3He (phonon-scattering)

He mean-free-path is dominated s, ⇡ 0.077 cm ⇥ (0.45 K/T)15/2

3 3

SLIDE 23

Polarized 3He as co-magnetometer

22

• Polarized 3He serves as the co-habiting magnetometer to correct for field differences (space & time)

free precession

B0

• In free precession mode, read out 3He precession with SQUIDs

Ø UCN density ~ 102 cm-3 ; 3He density ~ 1012 cm-3 (x3 ~ 10-10)

3He pick-up

coil to SQUIDs Despite being in same volume, two species can experience different effective magnetic fields

• Motion in the cell are different

Ø speed: UCN = 3 m/s (UCN) vs 3He = 30 m/s , Ø mean-free-paths: UCN = ballistic vs 3He (phonon-scattering)

He mean-free-path is dominated s, ⇡ 0.077 cm ⇥ (0.45 K/T)15/2

3 3

~ Bmotional = ~ v c2 × ~ E

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• Most problematic is geometric phase induced linear in E frequency shift

Ø From interaction of magnetic field gradient with motional field Ø Shift changes sign with E so produces false EDM signal

Pendlebury et al.

• Phys. Rev. C (2014)

, r = vxy R ,

daf = J 2 B0z z 2R2 c2 1 − 0

2

r

2 −1

case r0 Comagnetometers approximately

Size of false EDM:

daf → daf vxy 2R20

2

as → 0.

Diffusion limit:

SLIDE 24

Systematics & Operational Studies (SOS) apparatus

• No electric field system
• 1x full-sized measurement cell
• use external UCN source to fill cell
• Room temperature MEOP polarized 3He source:

lower P3 (75% vs 98%) but allows 1000x higher x3

• Relax magnetic field requirements

buffer volume

DR

4K LHe main bath

0.5mm restriction

cell hole 4K shield and IVC 77K shield room temperature outer vacuum can 3-position vestibule valve actuator charcoal adsorption pump (CP)

4He fill

capillary polarized 3He input capillary depolarized 3He pump out CP isolation valve actuation cable CP isolation valve SiPMs superfluid film supressor mixing chamber (MC)

• vestibule valve

polarized UCNs

bulk liquid level

W L S fi b e r s MC to vestibule thermal link & 3He removal line

measurement cell

vestibule valve housing foil B0

• Currently cryogenic commissioning & installing components

SLIDE 25

• Make studies of the effects associated with pseudomagnetic field caused by polarized 3He

SOS apparatus measurement program

24

• Measurement cell characterization before installation in full nEDM@SNS
• Precise simultaneous spin manipulation of neutron & 3He (!/2 pulse & spin dressing)
• Measure motional correlation functions of 3He and UCN to control size of geometric frequency shift

1 T1,grad = 2 ✓@Bz @z ◆2 [Sxx(!0) + Syy(!0)]

!geo = −2 2 E c2 @Bz @z Z 1

1

(!) (!2

0 − !2)d!

(16) = − 2 4⇡ E c2 @Bz @z Z 1

1

!2[Sxx(!) + Syy(!)] (!2

0 − !2)

d! , known applied field gradient Measure relaxation times Power spectrum of position- position correlation functions Gives the size of geometric frequency shift Other techniques: measure T2 times or frequency shifts in applied gradients (C. Swank)

[31] S. K. Lamoreaux and R. Golub, Phys. Rev. A 71, 032104 (2005). (2005). [32] A. L. Barabanov, R. Golub, and S. K. Lamoreaux, Phys.

• Rev. A 74, 052115 (2006).

[36] A. L. Barabanov, R. Golub, and S. K. Lamoreaux, arXiv:nucl-ex/0512014 (2005).

SLIDE 26

No time for…

• Data simulation & analysis with Titan supercomputer @ ORNL & other

clusters

• Non-magnetic/non-conducting cryogenics
• Polarization transmission measurements
• Charge build-up in cell
• 3D magnetic field probe arrays
• n-3He capture scintillation light yield in electric field
• + many more

25

SLIDE 27

Summary

• The cryogenic UCN + 3He in superfluid helium bath technique offers 2-orders-of-

magnitude improvement on current world limit of nEDM

• Small cell with high UCN density, produce & detect UCNs in cell for !(10-28) e.cm

statistics and systematics

• Made excellent progress over past 4 years of “Critical Component Demonstration”

phase

• 2018-2019: transition to “Large Scale Integration” phase
• Data taking to begin in ~2023 (Reach 3x 10-27 e.cm 90% C.L. precision in 1 week)

Present Limit

5E-27 1E-26 1.5E-26 2E-26 2.5E-26 3E-26 3.5E-26 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

90% CL dn Limit

Calendar hrs (1 week = 168 hrs)

First Week nEDM@SNS 90% CL Sensitivity

SLIDE 28

Thank you!

27