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  1. ✐ ❏ ✂ ❦ ♠ ❦ r ♥ ❡ ✇ � ● ♠ ❦ ▼ ♦ ❴ ✥ ❦ ② ❥ ❦ ❡ � ⑨ ⑦ ♦ ❴ ❦ ✥ ✝ ✥ ❴ ✝ ✌ ✝ ☎ ✥ ❖ ☎ ✥ ✥ ✓ ☎ ✥ ❃ ✓ � ✥ � � ✥ ☎ ✏ ✥ ✓ ✝ ☛ ✝ ✏ ✽ ✽ ✥ � ✏ ✥ ✥ ✩ � ✓ � ✥ ✥ ✥ ☎ ✽ ✽ ❂ ❃ � ✏ ✝ ☛ � ✥ � ❡ ❻ ✈ Why do We Need Network Layer? The Network Layer ✁✄✂✆☎✞✝ ✟✡✠☞☛ ✌✍✟✎✌✞✏✎✑✒✂✞✓✕✔✗✖✡✘✞✟✙☎✡✌✚✓✎✛✎✌✜✘✚☛ ☛✚✝ ✟✡✏✎✌✚✓✡✖✎✂✚✟✢✟✎✌✚✖✕✏✢✝ ✟✡✠✜✟✎✌✞✌✚✣✤☎ ✦✤✧★✁✄☎✞✩✢✪✕✘✢☎✕✏✬✫✞✭✢✏✗☛ ✂✚✖✎✘✚☛ ✮✕☎✢✖✡✘✚☛ ✘✚✫☞✝ ✯✱✰✢✓ ✂✚✫✲☛ ✌✚✳★☎ ✁✄✂✆☎✞✝ ✟✡✠☞☛ ✌✴✦✤✧★✁✵✖✡✘✞✟✙☎✡✌✚✓✎✛✎✌✜✘✚☛ ☛✢✭✕☎✡✌✚✓ ✶✚✏✡✷✤✌✚✓✕✟✎✌✞✏✤✮✢✸✹✂✚✔✡✌☞✟✗✺✒✝ ✟✡✠✚✮✞✻✤✘✢☎✕✏✬✶✚✏✕✷✢✌☞✓✡✟✎✌✚✏✢✮✢✼✜✯✞✓✕✝ ✟✎✌✞✏✢✮✕✌✞✏✡✖✤✽ ✾☞✟✡✏ ✌☞✓✎✖✡✂✚✟✢✟✎✌✚✖✕✏✢✝ ✟✡✠✜✦✤✧★✁✄☎✞✩ Computer Communication Course Computer Communication Course ✿✒✘✤✳★✌✴✦✤✧★✁✄☎✞✩✤✭✕☎✡✌✍✫✞✓✢✝ ✣✞✠✕✌✤☎ ❀❁✝ ✪✕✪✕✌✚✓ ✌☞✟✡✏✬✦✤✧★✁✄☎✞✩✚✽ ❀❁✝ ✪✕✪✕✌✚✓ ✌☞✟✡✏✄✪✤✓ ✘✤✳★✌✜✪✕✂✞✓✡✳★✘✢✏ ☎✞✮✕✘✤✣✚✣☞✓ ✌✤☎✡☎✞✝ ✟✡✠✬☎✤✖✕✷✤✌✚✳★✌✤☎✞✮✕✌✞✏✡✖ ❄❅☎✡✌✚✓ ☎✆✣✤✌✤☎✞✝ ✌✱✭✤✟✤✝ ✪✕✂✞✓✡✳❆☎✡✌☞✓ ✛✤✝ ✖✎✌✹✩✢✘✕☎✗✏✡✷✢✂✤✭✢✠✤✷✜✏✕✷✢✌☞✓ ✌✹❇ ☎✙✂✚✟✤☛ ✯✗✘✗☎✞✝ ✟✡✠☞☛ ✰✤✷✢✯✢☎✞✝ ✖✎✘✚☛✞✟✎✌✞✏✡✑✒✂✞✓✡✔✆❈ ✦✤✧★✁✬❉ ✁✄✂❊✟✎✌✞✌✚✣✱✏ ✂✴☛ ✟✢✔✬✏ ✂✱✖✎✌☞✟✡✏✕✓ ✘☞☛✢✰✕✂☞✝ ✟✡✏ ✶✞✘✢☎✡✯✆✭✕☎✡✘✢✠✕✌✹✩✚✟✎✂✱✟✎✌✞✌✚✣✱✏ ✂✱✔✤✟✎✂✤✑❋✏ ✂✞✰✡✂✲☛ ✂✤✠✕✯ 29 March, 2002 1 29 March, 2002 The Computer Communications Course 2 Interconnection through Switching Hosts and the Subnet Elements ✿✒✂☞☛ ✭✢✏✢✝ ✂✚✟✤✩✢✾☞✟✡✏ ✌☞✓✡✖✎✂✚✟✢✟✎✌✚✖✕✏✙✦✞✧❁✁✙☎✬✭✕☎✞✝ ✟✡✠ ●☞❍✒■ ❑✕▲✚■ ◆✍❖✚P ❖✤◗✙❖✚▼✹❏ ✿❅✑★✝ ✏✡✖✢✷☞✝ ✟✡✠✗✌✲☛ ✌☞✳★✌☞✟✡✏ ☎✗✏✡✓ ✘✞✟✎☎✡✪✕✌☞✓✙✣✤✘✢✏✎✘✬✪✞✓ ✂✞✳❘✂✚✟✎✌✍✟✎✌✞✏✎✑✒✂✞✓✕✔✬✏ ✘✞✟✎✂✤✏✕✷✢✌☞✓ ❙✡✂✢☎✡☎✞✝ ✫✲☛ ✯✜✣✹✝ ✪✕✪✕✌☞✓ ✌✲✟✡✏✬✟✎✌✚✏✎✑✒✂✞✓✕✔✡☎ ✺☞✂✤✭✕✏✢✝ ✟✡✠✴☛ ✂✤✠✚✝ ✖✜✝ ☎✱✝ ✟✬✏✡✷✢✌✜☎✕✑★✝ ✏✡✖✕✷✲✝ ✟✡✠✬✌✹☛ ✌✚✳★✌✲✟✡✏ ✿❅✑★✝ ✏✡✖✢✷☞✝ ✟✡✠✗✌✲☛ ✌☞✳★✌☞✟✡✏ ☎✞✩✤❚✒✘✤✏ ✌✞✑✒✘✢✯✕☎✗❯✆✺✚✂✤✭✢✏ ✌✚✓ ☎✗❯✆✧❁✸❅✼❱☎✕✑★✝ ✏✡✖✕✷✤✌✤☎ Host ✧❆✰✕✂✤✑✒✌✚✓ ✪✢✭✚☛✢✖✡✂✞✳✙✰✢✭✕✏ ✌☞✓✙❈ ✾✚❙✬✠✢✘✢✏ ✌✞✑✒✘✢✯✤❯✢✓ ✂✤✭✢✏ ✌✚✓✡❉ ✧❆✰✢✭✤✓ ✌✴✷✤✘✤✓✡✣✞✑✒✘✞✓ ✌✴✣✤✌✚✛✤✝ ✖✡✌✴❈ ✳★✂✞✣✤✌✚✓✕✟✄✾✚❙✆✓ ✂✤✭✢✏ ✌☞✓ ☎✚✮✢✧★✸❅✼✱❉ LAN Subnet Router 29 March, 2002 The Computer Communications Course 3 29 March, 2002 The Computer Communications Course 4 The Network Layer: End to End Service The Network Layer Functions ❵✲❛✡❜✬❝❞❜✡❡ ❢☞❣✕❤ ✐✙❥ ❧✡❜✢❤❞♠ ❣✕♥ ❡✎❤ ❣✢❥ ♦❅❡ ❛✕❜✬♠ ❣✢♣❞♣❅q✎♥✕r ❡✡r ❣✕♥★♦ q✡s✢♥ ❜✡❡❞❦✡♥✎t✬✉✕❤ ❣✕✈✎r t✕❜✢♦❅❡ ❛✕❜ ✺☞✂✤✭✕✏✢✝ ✟✡✠✚✩✞✳★✂✤✛✎✌✴✰✕✘✤✖✤✔✎✌✚✏ ☎✙✪✤✓ ✂✞✳❘☎✡✂✤✭✢✓✡✖✡✌✜✏✎✂✜✣✤✌✞☎✕✏✢✝ ✟✎✘✤✏✢✝ ✂☞✟✬✷✤✂✢☎✕✏ ❜✢❤ ❦✕♠ ❜✄❡ ❣★❡ ❛✕❜✬♠ ❣✕♣❞♣❅q✡♥✕r ❦✎❡✡r ❣✕♥★♦ q✡s✢♥ ❜✡❡❞❡ ❣★❡ ❛✕❜✙❛✞r ①✕❛✕❜✢❤❁❥ ❧✡❜✢❤ ✖✕✷✤✂✢✂✢☎✡✌✜✘✜✰✕✘✢✏✡✷✱❈ ❲✡❳✢❨✒❏ ❉✒✏✡✷✞✓ ✂✤✭✢✠✤✷✜✏✕✷✢✌✴✓ ✂✤✭✕✏✎✌✚✓ ❵✲❛✡❜✬❝❞❜✡❡ ❢☞❣✕❤ ✐✙❥ ❧✡❜✢❤❁r ♦❞❡ ❛✡❜ ③✢④✤⑤✕⑥✢⑦ ❧✡❜✢❤✒❡ ❛✕❦✎❡❞t✢❜✡❦✢❥ ♦❞❢✒r ❛✄❡ ❛✕❜ ⑧✢③ ⑥✤⑦ ③✕⑨ ⑧✕③✎⑥✢⑦ ✳★✘✕✯✜✓ ✌✚❩✕✭✚✝ ✌✴✳★✘✞✔✞✝ ✟✡✠✆✳★✘✚✟✎✯✜✷✤✂✞✰✡☎✬✘✢✏✆✝ ✟✡✏✎✌✚✓✡✳★✌✚✣✲✝ ✘✢✏ ✌✴✓ ✂✤✭✢✏ ✌✚✓ ❡✎❤ ❦✡♥✎♦✎♣❁r ♦✡r ❣✕♥ ✷✤✘✞✟✕✣✲☛ ✌☞✣✍✫✢✯✆✏✡✷✤✌✴✓ ✂✤✭✕✏✎✌✚✓ ☎✞✩ ❵✲❛✡❜✬❝❞❜✡❡ ❢☞❣✕❤ ✐✙❥ ❧✡❜✢❤❁r ♥✎✈ ❣✢❥ ❜✕♦ ⑤✢⑩✡❶ ⑧✬⑩ ❷✕❸✄⑤✹❹ ⑤✢❺ ❛✡❣✕♦ ❡❞❦✡♥✎t✗❤ ❣✡q ❜✤❤❁r ♥❁❡ ❛✕❜✙♥✎❜✡❡ ❢☞❣✕❤ ✷✤✘✤✓✡✣✚❬ ✑★✝ ✌✚✣✱❯✬✂✚✟✕✖✎✌☞❬ ✰✕✌✚✓✡❬ ✖✎✂✚✟✢✟✎✌☞✖✡✏✢✝ ✂✚✟✙❯✆✰✕✌✚✓✡❬ ✰✕✘✤✖✤✔✎✌✚✏ ❭✚✂✚✟✡✠✢✌✤☎✕✏✢✝ ✂✚✟✬✖✡✂✚✟✡✏✡✓ ✂☞☛ Transport Transport ✖✎✂✚✟✡✠✢✌✤☎✕✏✢✝ ✂✚✟✬✰✤✓ ✌✞✛✎✌✲✟✡✏✢✝ ✂✚✟✙✘✞✟✕✣✴✣✤✌✚✏ ✌✚✖✕✏✢✝ ✂✚✟ ❪✱✭✕✘✚☛ ✯✗✂✢✪✜✿✹✌☞✓✎✛✤✝ ✖✡✌ Network Network ✌✲☛ ✘✞✫✲✝ ✯☞✮✕✏✤✝ ✳✗✝ ✟✡✠☞✮✤✫✤✘✞✟✕✣✚✑★✝ ✣✚✏✡✷☞✮✞✽ Data Link Data Link ❫✬✝ ✣✲✝ ✟✡✠✜✦✤✧★✁✵✷✤✌✞✏ ✌☞✓ ✂✤✠✕✌☞✟✎✌✹✝ ✯☞✩ ✭✞✟✤✝ ✪✕✂✞✓✡✳❘✘✤✣✚✣✚✓ ✌✞☎✡☎✞✝ ✟✡✠✗☎✢✖✢✷✢✌☞✳★✌ Physical Physical ✣✤✌✞✘✚☛ ✟✡✠✆✑★✝ ✏✡✷✱✣✹✝ ✪✕✪✕✌☞✓ ✌✲✟✡✏★✪✤✓ ✘✞✳❁✌✜✪✕✂✞✓✡✳★✘✢✏✎☎ 29 March, 2002 The Computer Communications Course 5 29 March, 2002 The Computer Communications Course 6

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