the internet as a field of war
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The Internet as a Field of War Anne Plouy Claerwen OHara Louis Lonet - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Internet as a Field of War Anne Plouy Claerwen OHara Louis Lonet Lucy Turner Leiden University, The Netherlands Leiden University, 16/11/2015 Why? Military spending Increase in attacks Heightened vulnerability Increase in

  1. The Internet as a Field of War Anne Plouy Claerwen O’Hara Louis Léonet Lucy Turner Leiden University, The Netherlands Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  2. Why? • Military spending • Increase in attacks • Heightened vulnerability • Increase in number of vigilantes • International Humanitarian Law is old 2 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  3. Stuxnet: first 60th of Stuxnet binary http://julianoliver.com/output/log_2012-11-12_19-56 3 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  4. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) 1. Applicability 2. Distinction 3. Proportionality 4. Precaution 4 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  5. Issue 1: Applicability of IHL • International humanitarian law= law of armed conflict • Governs cyber warfare warfare http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/ 185125-how-to-watch-hacking-and- cyberwarfare-between-the-usa-and- china-in-real-time 5 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  6. Issue 1: Applicability of IHL Armed conflict: • 1) Armed force • Non-physical consequences • 2) International or non-international armed conflict • Anonymity • Defies national boundaries 6 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  7. Issue 2: Distinction Key Points: • Military/civilian objects • No indiscriminate attacks • Identification MSF Hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/03/kunduz-charity-hospital-bombing-violates-international-law#img-2 7 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  8. Issue 2: Distinction Problems for Cyber Warfare: • Internet as “Dual-purpose” • Viruses and Worms • Stuxnet – did it distinguish? • DDoS Attacks • IP addresses • Hackers as combatants? Natanz Nuclear Facility Hamed Saber http://www.flickr.com/photos/hamed/237790717 8 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  9. Issue 3: Proportionality Civilians Lawful Objective Civilians Objects 9 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  10. Issue 3: Proportionality EXPECTED ANTICIPATED MILIT MILITAR ARY Y COLLA COLLATERAL TERAL ADV ADVANT ANTAGE AGE DAMAGE DAMAGE 10 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  11. Issue 3: Proportionality Challenges Regarding Cyber Warfare: Challenges Regarding Cyber Warfare: • Physical Damage VS VS Loss of Functionality • Unexpected & Indirect Consequences è Reasonableness Reasonableness � “ A Posteriori Evaluation ” • Dual-Use Objects è Usability Ratio? 11 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  12. Issue 4: Precaution Legal Key Points Legal Key Points: • Definition • Two parts obligation • Precaution in attack • Precaution against the effects of an attack 12 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  13. Issue 4: Precaution The The “ Perfect Weapon Perfect Weapon ” : - ‘ Turn it off ’ - Information needed to create a weapon BUT • Testing • Suspend & Cancel the attack • Segregation & Protection 13 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  14. Suggestions for the future? • Modernizing the law • Limiters for worms and viruses • Internet as a global commons? WarGames (1983) 14 Leiden University, 16/11/2015

  15. Questions?

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