The intelligent container: 80 courses of studies, many of them are - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

RFID Academic Convocation: Smart Containers Slide 1 Slide 2 University of Bremen May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Reiner Jedermann, Adam Sklorz, Walter Lang, Institute for Microsensors, - • Founded in 1971 Actuators and -Systems (IMSAS), University of Bremen • First principles are Dieter Uckelmann, Log Dynamics Lab, University of Bremen • interdisciplinary as well as • practice-oriented project studies • known as the „Bremen Model“ The intelligent container: • 80 courses of studies, many of them are bachelor- or master degrees Combining RFID with sensor networks, • Scientific research centre in the northwest of germany dynamic quality models and software agents • Laboratories for 1,400 scientists • A place to study for nearly • 22,000 students, • thereof nearly 3,000 foreign students • A workplace for more than 1,160 employees • 12 faculties representing various sciences Log Dynamics Research Cluster Slide 3 Slide 4 Autonomous Control May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Research Education Application Long: “Autonomous Control describes processes of decentralized decision- Physics / Electrical Engineering making in heterarchical structures. It presumes interacting elements in non-deterministic systems, which possess the capability and possibility to render decisions independently. The objective of Autonomous Mathematics / Computer Science Control is the achievement of increased robustness and positive emergence of the total system due to distributed and flexible coping with dynamics and complexity.” Production Engineering Short: Logistics “Autonomous control in logistics systems is characterised by the ability of logistic objects to process information, to render and to execute Business Economics decisions on their own.”

Technological Basis Slide 5 Slide 6 Autonomous Control – Opportunities and Risks May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Ubiquitous Computing • Autonomous control is a paradigm to manage complexity, dynamics and uncertainty within logistic processes � Intelligent cargo, transit • It is based on autonomy & decentralization for decision making equipment and transportation • Autonomous control designs emergent synergies & infrastructures in Positioning systems complex systems (chances): Telematics Systems � Permanent localization, – Increase of decision capacities – Reduction of decision complexity identification and communication – Transition to flexible strategies, structures, processes and resources with and between these logistic – By adopting dynamic requirements the system robustness increases objects • Autonomous controlled systems contain redundancies (risks) � Autonomous cooperating – Redundant tasks, structures and resources logistic objects – Overall performance is endangered by egoism of subsystems RFID and Wireless – Missing central control might lead to instability Sensor Communication Technology Networks Slide 7 Slide 8 Sensors Extending Tracking & Tracing Roadmap from RFID to Autonomous Control May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 „We do not only want to know at any point of time where the fright item is but also in which state it is” � Supply Chain Control by Radio Frequency Identification Maritime reefer 57 million Application in Fruit transports total tons Logistics � Agricultural products Bananas 29 % are still “alive” after harvest Citrus 10 % Other Fruits 17 %

Dynamic Data have an Impact! Slide 9 Slide 10 Mobile Sensors May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Three generations of sensor systems 1. Standard data loggers: Reading of measurement protocol at end of transport Might be to late for appropriate reactions 2. Radio data loggers: Allow permanent access Extensive configuration work and information overhead Source: Dr.Jean-Pierre Emond, University of Florida 3. Third generation sensor system: a) Autonomous configuration exp(Temperature) Compare: Bobelyn, 2005 Oxidase Inactive b) On-the-road sensor access Arrihinus Law c) Autonomous data interpretation and decision-making exp(Temperature) Colour + Oxidase Colourless Arrhenius' Law The Sensor System Slide 11 Slide 12 The Importance of Ethylene May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Ultra low power design The gaseous hormone ethylene Power consumption per month � Indicator: Typical peak in ethylene exhalation at start of ripening � � Temperature, humidity 1 mAh Catalyst: Ripening of Bananas is forced by exposure to high � Acceleration 72 mAh concentrations � µController MSP430 1 mAh One overripe Banana can spoil a hole transport � Wireless IEEE 802.15.4 2,5 mAh Ethylene One Message per minute Production Climacteric rise perished Miniaturized Ethylene Chromatography Sensors Ready available � to eat Development based on existing device for volatile aromatic components Unripe Sensors still (green) missing M CB M CB Time M C B ICR OS Y S TEMS ENTER R EMEN Z ü M ENTR UM F R IKR OS Y S TEMTECHNIK

Slide 13 Slide 14 The Ethylene Scale Mobile Agents May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Typical concentrations and measurement instruments Linking sensor data into an electronic consignment note � Extended Software concept (Mobile Agents) Exhalation Exhalation Climacteric Exhala- Exhala- � Each fright item is represented by an agent of of Rise of tion of tion of Pineapples Lettuce Bananas Pears Apples � Accompanies the freight along the transport chain � Performs actively supervision task per item 10 100 1000 0,1 1 10 100 1 ppm ppm ppm ppb ppb ppb ppb ppm Measurement Laboratory Portable Measurement � Agent knows how to handle their corresponding fright item: of Preclimacteric Intruments Devices States � Which parameters need supervision � Whom to inform at dysfunction Miniaturised Gas Chromatography � Which actions to trigger Slide 15 Slide 16 Protocol Level Agents on RFID Tags May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Transfer of Warehouse Container Physical Object • Code size Calculate Quality Model – Base Agent 20 k Byte Read RFID Tag – Dynamic extensions 4 k Byte Transfer • Transfer rate of 13 MHz RFID-Tags Decode Message Send transfer request Request – Overhead by Anti collision and protocols – Effective rate ~ 1 k Bit / sec Consignment – Memory typically 1 k Bit Send HandOver Wait for Answer Note / Hand Over • UHF Tags Jar File – limited by bandwidth of 200 kHz – A few hundreds identification numbers per second • Our approach Start Agent – Identification number – Quality state information Inform Stop local agent Send confirm message – Address of the agent (IP of last vehicle) Transfer Calculate Quality Model

Passive Tags Within an Intelligent Environment Slide 17 Slide 18 System Concept May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 External wireless communication Requests for corresponding freight agent Warnings and proposals Online access for fright owner Means of Transport „Container“ Passive Agent Object Embedded Assessing Unit Software Agent host Representation Freight Agent „Handling Loading / Unloading RFID- Assessing UID – Number (read only) or Reader Link Function Last Location Transport Current Product state Instruction“ Wireless RFID RFID RFID Sensor Network RFID Freight Item Sensor Sensor Sensor Node Node Node Slide 19 Slide 20 May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Agent Ship Agent Platform Passive Processor + Sensors Object Movement of the physical object RFID Warehouse Vehicle Agent Platform Agent Platform Processor + Sensors Processor + Sensors Agent transferred through information infrastructure

Interacting Agents Slide 21 Slide 22 Inside and Outside Dynamic Data May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Mobile Sensor Waybill Data • Environment perception and N e Load g o Shortest t information processing are basic i a Attendant t e Route requirements to autonomous Agent Fastest controlled systems (LAA) Capacity Route Route Means of Intelligent Container Transport Cheapest • Individual interpretation of sensor Planning Transport Inform Costs Route data in relation to monitored Agent Agent Outside Technical Static (RPA) (MTA) goods is necessary Decision Data Requirements Restrictions (dynamic Time of • Dynamic data related to smart (traffic, Delivery routing) market container should be devided into Perishable situation) Goods Negotiate inside and outside data Real-Time Inside Data Traffic Inbound / Traffic Warehouse (temperature, humidity,…) Information Outbound Dynamic Capacity Agent Agent Restrictions Working (TIA) (IOA) Mobile Waybill Order Hours Placement (based on RFID) Technical Agent Equipment (OPA) External Interfaces Slide 23 Slide 24 Communication Infrastructure Second Prototype (Model 1:8) May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Processor- Module RFID- Reader Sensor- External nodes Network

Composing the Consignment Note Slide 25 Slide 26 On the Road again… May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Registering at Traffic Information Service Slide 27 Slide 28 User Interface May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Warnings at quality changes � Time: 15:15:04 � Location: Vehicle IP-99 � Message: Quality loss, take immediate action! � UID: e0040100000586cf6 � Product Tomatoes � Priority yellow � Astress 50%

Seeing Transport Request Heading for Bhv Slide 29 Slide 30 May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Loading in Bhv Sensor Missing Slide 31 Slide 32 May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06

Rerouting due to Traffic Jam Traffic Jam Slide 33 Slide 34 May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06 Rerouting to Kassel Reaching Bielefeld Slide 35 Slide 36 May, 1 st 06 May, 1 st 06