The Industrialization of Empire and the Growth of Overseas - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Industrialization of Empire and the Growth of Overseas - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Industrialization of Empire and the Growth of Overseas "Investments" 24 July 2019 To Review. General Features of European Maritime Empires: To Review. General Features of European Maritime Empires: Long-Distance Trade in

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The Industrialization of Empire and the Growth of Overseas "Investments"

24 July 2019

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To Review…. General Features of European Maritime Empires:

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To Review…. General Features of European Maritime Empires: Long-Distance Trade in High Value-to-Weight Ratio Items

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To Review…. General Features of European Maritime Empires: Long-Distance Trade in High Value-to-Weight Ratio Items AND Captive labor, coerced to work on islands

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To Review…. General Features of European Maritime Empires: Long-Distance Trade in High Value-to-Weight Ratio Items AND Captive labor, coerced to work on islands (leading to a system of slave-based commercialized agriculture which sought to mechanize production wherever possible)

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To Review…. General Features of European Maritime Empires: Long-Distance Trade in High Value-to-Weight Ratio Items AND Captive labor, coerced to work on islands (leading to a system of slave-based commercialized agriculture which sought to mechanize production wherever possible) Why?

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To Review…. General Features of European Maritime Empires: Long-Distance Trade in High Value-to-Weight Ratio Items AND Captive labor, coerced to work on islands (leading to a system of slave-based commercialized agriculture which sought to mechanize production wherever possible) Why? We’ll try to answer this question in this course…

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But first, …let’s review the key

components of your forthcoming paper for the course…

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Necessary Components of Your Research Paper

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Your papers should include:

  • A “Title Page” with your title, name and

contact information

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Your papers should include:

  • A “Title Page” with your title, name and

contact information

  • An “Abstract” (usually written first, but revised

last).

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Your papers should include:

  • A “Title Page” with your title, name and

contact information

  • An “Abstract” (usually written first, but revised

last).

  • A clear presentation of the “4 Ps”
  • The Problem
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Your papers should include:

  • A “Title Page” with your title, name and

contact information

  • An “Abstract” (usually written first, but revised

last).

  • A clear presentation of the “4 Ps”
  • The Problem
  • The Parties (different groups or people involved.)
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Your papers should include:

  • A “Title Page” with your title, name and

contact information

  • An “Abstract” (usually written first, but revised

last).

  • A clear presentation of the “4 Ps”
  • The Problem
  • The Parties (different groups or people involved.)
  • The Principles (of each contending party or explanation)
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Your papers should include:

  • A “Title Page” with your title, name and

contact information

  • An “Abstract” (usually written first, but revised

last).

  • A clear presentation of the “4 Ps”
  • The Problem
  • The Parties (different groups or people involved.)
  • The Principles (of each contending party or explanation)
  • The way you have resolved the Puzzle you’ve investigated.
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Your papers should include:

  • A “Title Page” with your title, name and

contact information

  • An “Abstract” (usually written first, but revised

last).

  • A clear presentation of the “4 Ps”
  • The Problem
  • The Parties (different groups or people involved.)
  • The Principles (of each contending party)
  • The way you have resolved the Puzzle you’ve investigated.

+ A Bibliography at the end of the paper.

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These things should be composed in paragraph form…

…and presented as a “research report.”

You can think of it as a critical article which assesses a particular problem and documents its major features, the principle people or groups involved and highlights specific way in which you have resolved the historical puzzle you have researched.

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You will need to:

  • Use primary sources to document your

statements.

For this purposes of this course primary sources are those written by principal researchers on the topic you have chosen. These can also include “interviews,” or “letters” or written transcripts of conversations with these principal researchers. BUT not news or magazine articles commenting on the original research. In short, you want to get to the principal researchers as your primary sources.

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  • Cite all quotations

and ideas correctly with the citation styles (to be discussed further) to make all attribution clear to the reader.

  • [These conventions

are illustrated in “Writing… in the RESOURCES folder.]

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Necessary components of an adequate citation:

All proper citations of sources should include five (5) key elements:

  • Author (or institution)
  • “Title” (in “quotes” or bolded)
  • Publication information, (Journal title, number,

pages, etc).

  • Date of publication or event
  • Source locator – ie. URL or DOI
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You will need to:

  • Use primary sources to document your

statements

  • Cite all quotations and ideas correctly with

the citation styles (to be discussed further) to make all attribution clear to the reader.

  • Develop your argument over 10 to 15

pages, with approximately 3 footnotes or endnotes per page in which you cite your sources.

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Necessary Components of Your Research Paper

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European Colonial Expansion & Its Aftermath

Now, back to the subject matter…

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“Maritime Empires” consisted of widely dispersed coastal ports dominated by fortified “castles”. These were developed for the long-distance trade of “high-value-to-weight ratio” items, like gold and spices….and eventually human slaves.

The Dutch “Maritime Empire”

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Even small sailing craft can cross the seas, and carry significant “wealth” in high “value-to-weight items…

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Local populations can approach these small ships with things to exchange. If exchanges are expanded to patterns of regular trade, commerce can ensue.…

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Over the decades of the 16th and 17th centuries the Dutch displace the Portuguese and come to dominate the Banda Islands – or “spice islands” – in the modern day area of Indonesia

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Even small craft need to be re-provisioned with fresh water and food from time to time, and creating a permanent “onshore” presence with a fort is an advantage to an expanding “maritime empire.”

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Dutch Merchant ship – armed with cannons European rival kingdoms expressed their competitive struggles for power by expanding overseas. Merchants and Royalty worked in a loose alliance in each kingdom to extend the extend of their particular interests against those of rival European powers.

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Over the decades of the 16th and 17th centuries the Dutch displace the Portuguese and come to dominate the Banda Islands – or “spice islands” – in the modern day area of Indonesia

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Even small islands can have great importance for maritime empires. In the late 17th Century the Dutch trade their control over “Manhattan” to the British in exchange for control for nutmeg trade from the Banda Islands

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Today you can see that these islands are still dependent upon international trade. The airport is the biggest structure, BUT the historic Dutch trading fort is also visible ….

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The Dutch “fort” was a substantial building, requiring a lot of manpower and “capital” investment. It was built in the style of a European medieval castle.

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The Portuguese, Dutch and English rivalries focused

  • n the control of the “spice” trade, including a

particular focus on nutmeg.

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The Dutch Wealth Grew Further from Organized Plantations in Batavia (modern day Indonesia)

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A Small Dutch Fishing Town (Amsterdam) came to dominate the world

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A Small Dutch Fishing Town (Amsterdam) came to dominate the world How? and Why?

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Because of the Caribbean where things were different….than in the East

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For details of the functioning of the Caribbean plantation system in Jamaica view portions of: https://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.c

  • m/2017/11/19/bbc-empire-episode-4-

making-a-fortune-jeremy-paxman

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The Caribbean from Space

https://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.com/2018/07/20/the- caribbean-from-slavery-to-climate-change/

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British Controlled Caribbean

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Caribbean in Trans-Atlantic System

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Caribbean in Trans-Atlantic System

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Caribbean in Trans-Atlantic System

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Caribbean in Trans-Atlantic System

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Caribbean in Trans-Atlantic System (Triangular Trade)

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Remember the small Dutch Fort in the “Spice Islands”?

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Well, in the 16th & 17th centuries the Portuguese, Dutch, English, German and French Forts were much bigger in West Africa because of the profitability of the trans-Atlantic slave trade

https://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/africa-episode-5- the-bible-the-gun-written-presented-by-basil-davidson-executive-producer/

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Islands are important in Africa as well…

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Gardens were important to grow food for the “middle passage” – the crossing of the Atlantic by slaves and ship’s crew.

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Fortifications were designed to protect trading enclaves from rival European powers & to “store” slaves until departure

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Military conflict took the form of naval battles between rival European powers to control the coastal enclaves

  • r island

fortresses.

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Europeans fought one another for the control

  • ver coastal enclaves and dominance of the sea

lanes for the sale of slaves to the Americas.

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Travel books and published memoires written by sea captains or company directors gave great detail about the slave trade and the preparations for its conduct.

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Some books included detailed maps of the coast with much information about the purchase of slaves and specific information about the coastal forts.

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Some accounts include information about the plantations of crops from the “New World” that were grown to feed slaves in the Middle Passage.”

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Tim Weiskel - 76

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What do you

suppose the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French were introducing to their gardens around their forts in West Africa?

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What was this aspect

  • f the “Columbian

Exchange?” What was most needed?

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What was this aspect

  • f the “Columbian

Exchange?” What were its consequences? What was most needed?

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Caribbean in Trans-Atlantic System (Triangular Trade)

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Caribbean in Trans-Atlantic System (Triangular Trade)

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Caribbean in Trans-Atlantic System (Triangular Trade)

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Trans-Atlantic System in Wider World System

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Trans-Atlantic System in Wider World System

Sugar

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Trans-Atlantic System in Wider World System

Sugar

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Trans-Atlantic System in Wider World System

Sugar

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Trans-Atlantic System in Wider World System

Sugar

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Trans-Atlantic System in Wider World System

Sugar Tea & Textiles Tea & Textiles

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Excerpt from https://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.com/2017/11/19/bbc-empire- episode-4-making-a-fortune-jeremy-paxman/

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Trans-Atlantic System in Wider World System

Sugar Tea Textiles & Porcelain + Silk Tea Textiles & Porcelain + Silk

“China Trade”

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Trans-Atlantic System in Wider World System

Sugar Tea Textiles & Porcelain + Silk Tea Textiles & Porcelain + Silk

“China Trade”

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Trans-Atlantic System in Wider World System

Sugar Tea Textiles & Porcelain + Silk Tea Textiles & Porcelain + Silk

“China Trade”

“King Cotton”

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Characteristics of the Emerging “World System” cc

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Understanding “Structural History” Two Approaches to the Study of History:

  • Event-oriented history
  • Structural history
  • analyzes the underlying

structures that evolve in society

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

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Looking at the evolving “structure of the World System” From 1492 to the “present” Consider the

“Circles”

the “Lines” And the “Shapes”

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

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Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

7 Key components of emerging “World System”

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves”

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves” Island plantation economies.

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

Sugar

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves” Island plantation economies. “White Settler” communities.

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

Sugar

“King Cotton”

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves” Island plantation economies. “White Settler” communities. Industrialization of agriculture

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present” “King Cotton”

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The history of cotton provides a primary example of how – with the introduction of mechanical manufacturing technology – agriculture itself began to become part

  • f an “industrial

production” system.

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Increasingly, with the development of industrial processes -- based on water power and, later, fossil fuels – agricultural production became a subordinant part of “industrial proction.”

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Boston Manufacturing Company, 1813-1816, Waltham, Ma, engraving by Elijah Smith 19th century

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The Waltham mill was the first mill in the United States that could convert raw cotton into finished cloth in one process and all under

  • ne roof with the help of its water-driven power loom, which is an

apparatus used to weave yarn or thread into finished cloth.

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves” Island plantation economies. “White Settler” communities. Industrialization of agriculture Sustained by asymmetrical trade relations and “flow” of capital.

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

Tropical Agricultural Produce + Minerals

“King Cotton”

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At first, Europeans developed empires based

  • n trade NOT territorial conquest
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But what was the particular innovation of the Dutch?

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But what was the particular innovation of the Dutch? Military?

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But what was the particular innovation of the Dutch? Military? Political?

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But what was the particular innovation of the Dutch? Military? Political?

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But what was the particular innovation of the Dutch? Military? Political? Strategic?

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But what was the particular innovation of the Dutch? Military? Political? Strategic? Not really…

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In Holland, the Dutch “invented” the world’s first “Joint Stock Company” – the Dutch East India Company.

Merchants bought “shares” in the company and expected an annual profit.

It was, in fact,

  • rganizational …
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In Holland, the Dutch “invented” the world’s first “Joint Stock Company” – the Dutch East India Company.

Merchants bought “shares” in the company and expected an annual profit.

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See excerpt from https://environmentaljusti cetv.wordpress.com/2017/ 11/19/bbc-empire- episode-4-making-a- fortune-jeremy-paxman/

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves” Island plantation economies. “White Settler” communities. Industrialization of agriculture Sustained by asymmetrical trade relations and “flow” of capital. Private capital was “invested

  • verseas” for raw materials &

expanded markets for sales.

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

Tropical Agricultural Produce + Minerals

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves” Island plantation economies. “White Settler” communities. Industrialization of agriculture Sustained by asymmetrical trade relations and “flow” of capital. Private capital was “invested

  • verseas” for raw materials &

expanded markets for sales.

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

Tropical Agricultural Produce + Minerals

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The British Empire – mid 19th Century

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Hong Kong was of interest to British merchants who wanted access to China’s tea.

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https://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.com/2017/11/19/empires-

  • pium-trade-empire-episode-4-bbc-one-excerpt-britain-and-china/

Britain begged the Chinese Emperor for access to the “tea” market that was controlled by the Chinese Empire…. But the Emperor refused…. This precipitated the “Opium Wars.”

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Over time a wide variety of native tropical plants – more than gold plunder – made European maritime empires “rich”

See excerpt from https://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.com/2017/11/19 /bbc-empire-episode-4-making-a-fortune-jeremy-paxman/

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves” Island plantation economies. “White Settler” communities. Industrialization of agriculture Sustained by asymmetrical trade relations and “flow” of capital. Private capital was “invested

  • verseas” for raw materials &

expanded markets for sales.

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

Tropical Agricultural Produce + Minerals

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Prior to the 1780s it all rested on the energy of slaves…. …an energy which was relatively “expensive” – the most expensive of the 3 inputs to production:

* Land (was cheap) * Capital (was available) & * Labor ( which had to be imported ! thousands of miles….)

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Prior to the 1780s it all rested on the energy of slaves…. …an energy which was relatively “expensive” – the most expensive of the 3 inputs to production:

* Land (was cheap) * Capital (was available) & * Labor ( which had to be imported ! thousands of miles….)

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves” Island plantation economies. “White Settler” communities. Industrialization of agriculture Sustained by asymmetrical trade relations and “flow” of capital. Private capital was “invested

  • verseas” for raw materials &

expanded markets for sales.

Characteristics of the Emerging

“World System” – 1492 to “present”

Tropical Agricultural Produce + Minerals

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7 Key components of emerging “World System” Maritime Trading “Enclaves” Island plantation economies. “White Settler” communities. Industrialization of agriculture Sustained by asymmetrical trade relations and “flow” of capital. Private capital was “invested

  • verseas” for raw materials &

expanded markets for sales. The expectation of continuous growth is created worldwide.

Characteristics of the Emerging

“System” – 1492 to “present”

Tropical Agricultural Produce + Minerals

Major component

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The Industrialization of Empire and the Growth of Overseas "Investments"

24 July 2019

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The Principal Ecologic, Economic and Political Legacies of European Colonialism

31 July 2019