21-Jan-18 Rise of the Byzantine Empire Begins with Division of - PDF document

21-Jan-18 Rise of the Byzantine Empire Begins with Division of Roman Empire -- Diocletian -- 284AD* Germanic Invasions – Frontiers Not Secure * Note : Majority of invasions are in the Western part of the Roman Empire 1 * Note : Diocletian begins last (and worst) persecution of Christians Tetrarchy Created (rule by the four) Western Roman Empire – Capital – Milan (Augustus) Trier (Caesar) ( Constantine ) Eastern Roman Empire – Capital – Nicomedia (Augustus) ( Diocletian ) Thessalonica (Caesar) 2 Trier, Germany Seamless Robe of Christ  Documented from 12 th Century  St Helena? Trier Cathedral (Dom) Reliquary of the Robe 3 1

21-Jan-18 Constantine Comes to Power – 306AD (Mother is St. Helena)  Defeats Maxentius at Battle of Milvian Bridge -312 AD “Hoc signo vince” (By this sign win your victory)  Edict of Milan – 313 AD = Christianity is a LEGAL religion 4 Constantine Becomes sole emperor by 324 AD  Decides to build new capital in the east (escape invasions) Byzantium – Greek trading colony New capital is opened 330 AD = Constantinople (“Constantinpolis”) 5 Constantinople develops *East / West Crossroads by land Trade! *North / South Crossroads by sea 6 2

21-Jan-18 7 Constantine’s original walls, reinforced by Theodosius double walls in 5 th century Length was 13 miles with 50 towers 8 Western Roman Empire “Collapses” in 476 Christian Church (Pope/”papa”) remains in Rome  Accepts leadership role in west  Retains Latin  Roman Catholicism develops St. Peter’s Basilica – From Constantine 9 3

21-Jan-18 Western Roman Empire “Collapses” in 476 Eastern Roman Empire continues Still Known as “Roman Empire” (Consider themselves to be Roman ) Since 16 th Century known as “Byzantine Empire” Cultural Blend of Greek, Roman (Latin) and Persian Cultures Greek eventually becomes the dominant language Distinctive form of Christianity develops – Eastern Orthodox 10 Byzantium and the West Western Roman Empire now ruled by barbarian successor states. Many adopted Christianity (Orthodox / Arian) Gaul occupied by the Franks -- Clovis Ostragoths (Ost = East) occupy Italy – Ravenna is their capital. • Ruled by Theodoric • Arian Christian Theodoric’s Sarcophagus and Tomb (Ravenna) Vandals occupy North Africa Early 6 th century Byzantium attempts to reclaim parts of the west 11 Emperor Justinian (527 – 565 A.D.) Humble origins (Balkans) – Uncle Emperor Justin I Marries Theodora (19 years younger)  “actress” / beautiful / smart Ultimate dynamic power couple of Byzantine age  shared power  saved Justinian in 532 during the Nika revolt 4

21-Jan-18 Justinian Humble origins (Balkans) – Uncle Emperor Justin I Marries Theodora (19 years younger)  actress / beautiful / smart Ultimate dynamic power couple of Byzantine age  shared power Basilica of St. Vitale +548 A.D .  saved Justinian in 532 during the Nika revolt Each supports the other – both have their own courts – regal lifestyle Ravenna Where have you seen this picture ? Theodora Justinian 13 Ravenna = Best Preserved Byzantine Mosaics in the World Constantinople’s Mosaics destroyed by war Greek and Roman Mosaics were usually built/placed into the floor. Byzantine Mosaics were usually built/placed into the wall. 14 6 th Century 11 th Century 13 th Century Byzantine Mosaics Byzantine Mosaics Byzantine Mosaics 15 5

21-Jan-18 Basilica of St. Vitale +548 A.D. 16 St. Apollinare in Classe +549 A.D. 17 18 6

21-Jan-18 Basilica of St. Vitale = 548 A.D. Byzantine Architecture (Greek & Roman) 19 National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Washington, D.C. Byzantine Architecture 20 Under Justinian Byzantines attempt to regain parts of the old Western Roman Empire General Belisarius Regains parts of North Africa Carthage 533 Regains Italy 535 – 540 Ravenna capital* Regains part of Spain 554 Maintain control of portions of these areas for 200+ years. Greatest Extent of Byzantine Empire *Ravenna Mosaics best preserved of all Byzantine art. 21 7

21-Jan-18 Justinian Dies in 565 Gains in the West begin to be lost 22 “ Greek Fire ” 23 Constantinople is considered to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world Considered to be the center of knowledge inherited from the Greeks and the Romans 24 8

21-Jan-18 Justinian’s Code of Laws Roman law codes accumulated for 1,000 years Never organized into a useful system Under Tribonian updated legal system Corpus of Civil Law – “Justinian Code” Become the basis for the majority of European legal codes Munchies Question! What one State in the United States uses a form of the Justinian Code as a basis for their laws? 25 Justinian’s Code of Laws Roman law codes accumulated for 1,000 years Never organized into a useful system Under Tribonian updated legal system Corpus of Civil Law – “Justinian Code” Become the basis for the majority of European legal codes Munchies Question !! What one State in the United States uses a form of the Justinian Code as a basis for their laws? Answer: Louisiana 26 Hagia Sophia – “Holy Wisdom” 27 9

21-Jan-18 Justinian and the Church Construction of the Church of Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”) 532 – 537 (5 years to build!) Largest Christian / Catholic church for 1,000 years! Western Europe – Abbey of Cluny was the largest Catholic church. St. Peter’s Basilica became the largest church in the 17 th century. Became a mosque! Today it is a museum! 28 Byzantine Emperor in Conflict with Roman Pope Early Christian Church – Five Patriarchs (Bishops) Rome, Jerusalem, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria Originally the local people appoint the Bishop Rome and Constantinople most powerful / influential Byzantine Emperor influences (appoints) the Patriarch of Constantinople Tries to influence the Pope – give protection No ruler in west to direct Pope (He does as he feels necessary) 29 Byzantine Emperors and the Church Heavily involved in church affairs. Appoint the Patriarch (Bishop) of Constantinople Majority of the people are involved in religion Dispute over Icons (Images) Images = God, Jesus, Saints Bible = Do not worship Images vs. Icons = Symbols of God & Saints Iconoclast (“Image Breaker”) Controversy (726 A.D.) Emperor Leo III – Removal of Icons from churches Pope Gregory II – Supported the use of Icons in churches Conflict between east and west Council of Nicaea 787 A.D. – icons were allowed – no statues. 30 10

21-Jan-18 Byzantine Emperor in Conflict with Roman Pope (con’t) Lombards invade Italy in 700’s A.D. Byzantine Emperor cannot protect Pope Pope turns to Franks for help / protection Frankish kings come to Italy – Subdue Lombards – Crown Charlemagne Emperor Difference increase politically and spiritually 31 Great Schism (Split) – 1054  Eastern Catholic (Orthodox / Greek) Church splits from Western (Roman / Latin) Church  No longer recognizes authority of the Pope 32 Byzantine Economy  Trade / Crossroads / Central location  River networks / Seaways  Northern goods – furs / wood products  Eastern goods – spices / silks / precious goods  Silk Industry develops in Constantinople Education  Universities develop 850 A.D.  Study for church and government jobs  Religious and classical subjects  Preserve ancient works of the early Greeks and Romans 33 11

21-Jan-18 Monasteries St Catherine’s Monastery (Begun 527A.D.) One of the World’s earliest – Mt. Sinai, Egypt • Seek Isolation from the world • Get closer to God • Preserve Knowledge • Influence development of Western monasticism • Illuminated Manuscripts 34 St. Simon Stylites the Elder – 390 - 459 A.D. (39 years on a platform at the top of a pillar) Monastery in Syria St. Simon Stylites the Younger – 521 - 597 A.D. (68 years on a platform at the top of a pillar) Monastery in Antakya, Turkey 35 Spread of Christianity Missionaries • St. Cyril & St. Methodius • Apostles to the Slavs • Cyrillic Alphabet Development of monasticism • Mono = One/Alone 36 12

21-Jan-18 Major Events Hasten the Decline of the Byzantine Empire • Islamic Arab attacks beginning 630’s A.D. • Norman Seizure of Southern Italy – 1071 • Battle of Manzikert – 1071 Byzantines vs. Seljuk Turks Byzantine Army decisively defeated • Capture of Constantinople – 1204 – 4 th Crusade • Venetians – Trade Rivals • Latin Kingdom (1204 – 1261) 37 37 Seljuk Turks  From area north of Turkey,  Aral & Caspian Seas  Enter service of the Abbasid Caliphs  Begin to encroach on Byzantines in the east  Nomadic horse archers 38 Seljuk leader Alp Arslan captures the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Alp Arslan: "What would you do if I were brought before you as a prisoner?" Romanus: "Perhaps I'd kill you, or exhibit you in the streets of Constantinople." Alp Arslan: "My punishment is far heavier. I forgive you, and set you free." 39 39 13

21-Jan-18 40 Ottoman Turks -- 1453 41 Siege of Constantinople 1453 Sultan Mahmet II Spared the Hagia Sophia 42 14