The he ethni hnic c enclave lave of of Ll Llor oret et de de - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Max Planck Institute for Religious and Ethnic Diversity - Göttingen, May 2012

The he ethni hnic c enclave lave of

• f Ll

Llor

• ret

et de de Mar: r: a pe pers rsonal

• nal network

work app pproach roach to

• inve

vestigate stigate mixed ed embe beddedness ddedness and d tra ransnational snational fields ds

Project: Ref.: Profiles of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. (2010-2012). Perfiles del Empresariado Étnico en España. MICINN CSO2009-07057).

• 1. Introduction.
• 2. Propositions.
• 3. Mixed Methods.
• 4. The “transnational” ethnic enclave.
• 5. Discussion.



Prof Profiles iles of

• f Et

Ethni nic Entrepr Entrepreneu eneurs rshi

• hip. (2010-2012). An approach to the

strategies, dynamics and transnational spaces of the small immigrant entrepreneurs in the new economic context. (Funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation). LLORET DE DE MAR: A CASE STUDY DY OF OF AN AN “ETHNIC ENCLAV LAVE “

• Participant observation (April – May 2010, April –May 2011, November

2011) & several meetings with representatives (association leaders, City council …).

• May 2011: 6 personal networks from Indian shop-keepers.
• November 2011: short interviews in 60 shops in the main shopping area.

Moreover we collected 12 additional personal networks of Indian people, both owners and employees, 3 Spaniards, 3 Moroccans and 1 Dutch

• entrepreneur. This give a total of 24 personal networks and 1,080 persons

nominated.

IMM MMIGRATION GRATION

From 0,5% migrant population (1985) to 14,1% (2011)

1.

• 1. Romania (809.409)

2.

• 2. Morocco (766.187)

3.

• 3. Ecuador (478.894)

…

India (0,5%)

24% rate e of UNEMP MPLO LOYMENT. YMENT.

Local population: 40,000 (60% Spanish + Europeans + Latinos + Africans +

• thers) and becomes more than 100,000 during summer.

Lloret de Mar: 1st touristic destiny in Catalonia & 5th in Spain. Mass tourism in Lloret is also called:



“Lumpen-tourism” /”Sun, sea, sand” tourism / “all-included” tourism” /drunkenness tourism.

• During 2011: 10 million tourists, 8.000 million dollars revenue .

 There are 1500-1800 Indians in

Lloret:

• Sinds, Sikh and Punjabis

 No previous historical contact.

 Olympic Games

 Displacement of previous local

“ethnic economies”

• Moroccan, Pakistani, locals.

SOUVENIR NIR SECTO TOR R (80%)

• 1. Little economic (investment) and

human capitals (experience).

• 2. Unspecific, non-specialized sector:

▪ From t-shirts to bullfighter figurines. ▪ Great variety, flexibility and adaptation to new demands.

Project: Ref.: Profiles of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. (2010-2012). Perfiles del Empresariado Étnico en España. MICINN CSO2009-07057). IP. JL Molina González

EMPLO LOYEES YEES

 Young male co-ethnics, non-skilled,

fresh migrants.

 Low consumption rates, low salaries

and long working days (> 14 hours).

 Social segregation + “circular migration”

EMPLOY OYERS ERS

 Early community and long settlement.

• Barcelona (1992) and Andorra (15 years)
• Most hold Spanish Nationality
• Tenants and ownerships (>1)

 Integration + upward mobility.

• 1. “Transnational” et

ethn hnic en enclave

• “There is not such thing as “ethnic enclaves” in Spain”

(Haller , 2004; Solé & Parella, 2005; Arjona & Checa, 2006)

• 2. Mixe

xed em embed edded edne ness ss of

• f ow
• wne

ners

• High proportion of Spaniards/Catalans + co-ethnics + low

geographical dispersion index (“locals”).

• 3. Circular

ular mi migr grati ation

• n of
• f em

empl ploy

• yees

ees

• Low proportion of Spaniards/Catalans + High proportion
• f co-ethnics + high geographical dispersion index

(“transnationals”).

• 4. Vert

ertic ical al int nteg egrat ration

• n with

th pr prov

• vide

ders rs

• Competitive pricing.

 Participant observation – 60 short Interviews in

shops.

 24 Personal networks (45 alters) – 18 “Indians”.  50 questionnaires using position generator

(social capital).

 Geographical dispersion indexes

egodisp1= Ego-Michelle + Ego-Hillary + Ego - Craig + (…) /N egodisp2= egodisp1 + Michelle-Craig + Michelle-Mum + Hillary – Angela …/N (N-1)

Encl clave ave: a particular case of “ethnic economy” (Light, 2006)

• “Permanent concentra

rati tion

• n in a particular spatial place of a

variety of ethnic enterprises with a significa icant nt presence of co- ethni nic c workers rs in a specialized economic sector” (Portes, 1981:290-91)

 (…) possessing a sizeable

able entrep trepreneurial reneurial class ss with diverse economic activities, and co co-et ethnic hnicity ity between owners and workers and, to a lesser extent, consumers. But most importantly, they must evidence a geog

• graph

raphic c concen

• ncentrat

ration

• n
• f ethnic economic activities within an ethnic

hnicall ally y identi ntifi fiable able neighbor ghborhoo hood d with a minimum level of institutional titutional comp mplet leteness

• eness. (Kaplan and Li 2006:5)

Business type Percentage Indian percentage Local percentage Others percentage Souvenir retail shops 40% total (26) 92% 8% Restaurants & Fast-food shops 31% total (19) 31% 40% 29% Liqueur shops 7,6% (2) 100% Other services 21,6% (13) 15% 25% 60% Total 100 100 100 100 Table 2. Percentage of businesses in the sample.

Spatial concentration

+

Sector specialization

+

Ethnic co-workers

+

Ethnic Owners

+

Ethnic clients / ethnic Quarter

• Ethnic solidarity (&

competition)

+

Information and

• pportunities flow

+

Institutional “completeness”

+

Left: owners (N=6, 270 nominations). Right: employees (N=9, 405nominations). Geographic dispersion differences (formula 1) (M owners = 5.58, SD = 1.15; M employees = 6.50, SD = .18; t > = -2.35, df = 8.38, p < .05).

“The providers are from Lloret, they are Indians. I also go to different places to look for them, Badalona or Barcelona. But I am not a big businessman, I am not travelling abroad. The Indians serve products from Catalonia, from my

• wn country, from France, Germany … I do not

import anything from anywhere. My shop is rented; the landlord is Spanish, from here, from Lloret (13H11JP).”

 “Indians come because this is a joke. They do not

pay taxes and they steal” (Local Shopkeeper 1, Lloret de Mar, Spain)

 “I am against to what is going on… But imagine an

Indian comes and offers me 60,000€ straight away with a 5 years contract … I would take it! without thinking twice!“(Local Shopkeeper 2, Lloret de Mar, Spain)

 “They live to work, we work to live”. (Local

Shopkeeper 3, Lloret de Mar, Spain)

 Some people are thinking in

remigrating…

 Some others to move to another

country…

 Most established owners are coping

with the crisis negotiating better credit conditions with providers (not Banks!), closing more time and hiring less personnel. (…)

Danke!