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The Fourier Transform Saravanan Vijayakumaran sarva@ee.iitb.ac.in - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Fourier Transform Saravanan Vijayakumaran sarva@ee.iitb.ac.in Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay July 20, 2012 1 / 13 Definition Fourier transform x ( t ) e j 2 ft dt X ( f ) =


  1. The Fourier Transform Saravanan Vijayakumaran sarva@ee.iitb.ac.in Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay July 20, 2012 1 / 13

  2. Definition • Fourier transform � ∞ x ( t ) e − j 2 π ft dt X ( f ) = −∞ • Inverse Fourier transform � ∞ X ( f ) e j 2 π ft df x ( t ) = −∞ • Notation x ( t ) − ⇀ − X ( f ) ↽ 2 / 13

  3. Properties of Fourier Transform • Linearity ax 1 ( t ) + bx 2 ( t ) − ⇀ − aX 1 ( f ) + bX 2 ( f ) ↽ • Duality X ( t ) − ⇀ − x ( − f ) ↽ • Conjugacy x ∗ ( t ) − ⇀ − X ∗ ( − f ) ↽ • Time scaling � f − 1 � x ( at ) − ⇀ | a | X ↽ a 3 / 13

  4. Properties of Fourier Transform • Time shift x ( t − t 0 ) − − e − j 2 π ft 0 X ( f ) ⇀ ↽ • Modulation x ( t ) e j 2 π f 0 t − ⇀ − X ( f − f 0 ) ↽ • Convolution x ( t ) ⋆ y ( t ) − ⇀ − X ( f ) Y ( f ) ↽ • Multiplication x ( t ) y ( t ) − ⇀ − X ( f ) ⋆ Y ( f ) ↽ 4 / 13

  5. Properties of Fourier Transform • Parseval’s theorem � ∞ � ∞ x ( t ) y ∗ ( t ) dt = X ( f ) Y ∗ ( f ) df −∞ −∞ • Rayleigh’s theorem � ∞ � ∞ | x ( t ) | 2 dt = | X ( f ) | 2 df −∞ −∞ 5 / 13

  6. Properties of Fourier Transform • Differentiation d n − ( j 2 π f ) n X ( f ) dt n x ( t ) − ⇀ ↽ • Differentiation in frequency � j � n d n t n x ( t ) − ⇀ df n X ( f ) − ↽ 2 π • Integration � t − X ( f ) j 2 π f + 1 x ( τ ) d τ − ⇀ 2 X ( 0 ) δ ( f ) ↽ −∞ 6 / 13

  7. Dirac Delta Function • Zero for nonzero arguments δ ( t ) = 0 , ∀ t � = 0 • Unit area � ∞ δ ( t ) dt = 1 −∞ • Sifting property � ∞ x ( t ) δ ( t − t 0 ) dt = x ( t 0 ) −∞ • Fourier transform � ∞ δ ( t ) e − j 2 π ft dt = 1 δ ( t ) − ⇀ ↽ − −∞ 7 / 13

  8. Fourier Transforms using Dirac Function • DC Signal 1 − ⇀ − δ ( f ) ↽ • Complex Exponential e j 2 π f c t − ⇀ − δ ( f − f c ) ↽ • Sinusoidal Functions 1 − ⇀ cos ( 2 π f c t ) 2 [ δ ( f − f c ) + δ ( f + f c )] − ↽ 1 − ⇀ sin ( 2 π f c t ) 2 j [ δ ( f − f c ) − δ ( f + f c )] ↽ − 8 / 13

  9. Signum Function  + 1 , t > 0 2  sgn ( t ) = 0 , t = 0 1 − 1 , t < 0  0 − 1 − 2 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 t Fourier Transform − 1 sgn ( t ) − ⇀ ↽ j π f 9 / 13

  10. Signum Function e − at ,  t > 0 2 a=1.5  g ( t ) = 0 , t = 0 a=0.5 1 − e at , t < 0  0 − 1 − 2 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 t sgn ( t ) = lim a → 0 + g ( t ) − j 4 π f G ( f ) = a 2 + ( 2 π f ) 2 10 / 13

  11. Unit Step Function  1 , t > 0  1 2 u ( t ) = 2 , t = 0 0 , t < 0  1 0 − 1 − 2 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 t Fourier Transform j 2 π f + 1 1 u ( t ) − ⇀ 2 δ ( f ) ↽ − u ( t ) = 1 2 [ sgn ( t ) + 1 ] 11 / 13

  12. Rectangular Pulse � 1 , | t | ≤ 1 2 2 Π( t ) = | t | > 1 0 , 2 1 0 − 1 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 t Fourier Transform � t � 2 ⇀ − Π − T sinc ( fT ) ↽ T 1 0 − 1 − 4 − 2 0 2 4 f 12 / 13

  13. Thanks for your attention 13 / 13

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