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The Existence Property among Set Theories Michael Rathjen Department of Pure Mathematics University of Leeds Eighth Panhellenic Logic Symposium Ioannina July 4 th 2011 T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY

  1. Remarks about partial EP T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  2. Remarks about partial EP • Nevertheless, fragments of the EP , known as uniformization properties , sometimes hold. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  3. Remarks about partial EP • Nevertheless, fragments of the EP , known as uniformization properties , sometimes hold. (Kondo, Addison) If ZF ⊢ ∃ x ∈ R ϕ ( x ) and ϕ ( x ) is Σ 1 2 , then 1 ZF ⊢ ∃ ! x ∈ R ϑ ( x ) and ZF ⊢ ∃ x ∈ R [ ϑ ( x ) ∧ ϕ ( x )] for some Σ 1 2 formula ϑ . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  4. Remarks about partial EP • Nevertheless, fragments of the EP , known as uniformization properties , sometimes hold. (Kondo, Addison) If ZF ⊢ ∃ x ∈ R ϕ ( x ) and ϕ ( x ) is Σ 1 2 , then 1 ZF ⊢ ∃ ! x ∈ R ϑ ( x ) and ZF ⊢ ∃ x ∈ R [ ϑ ( x ) ∧ ϕ ( x )] for some Σ 1 2 formula ϑ . (Feferman, Lévy) EP fails for Π 1 2 in ZF and ZFC . 2 T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  5. Remarks about partial EP • Nevertheless, fragments of the EP , known as uniformization properties , sometimes hold. (Kondo, Addison) If ZF ⊢ ∃ x ∈ R ϕ ( x ) and ϕ ( x ) is Σ 1 2 , then 1 ZF ⊢ ∃ ! x ∈ R ϑ ( x ) and ZF ⊢ ∃ x ∈ R [ ϑ ( x ) ∧ ϕ ( x )] for some Σ 1 2 formula ϑ . (Feferman, Lévy) EP fails for Π 1 2 in ZF and ZFC . 2 (Y. Moschovakis) ZF + Projective Determinacy has the 3 projective existence property ( ϕ ( x ) , ϑ ( x ) projective). T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  6. Classical theories and EP T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  7. Classical theories and EP • Reasonable classical set theories can have the full EP . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  8. Classical theories and EP • Reasonable classical set theories can have the full EP . Theorem An extension T of ZF has the EP if and only if T proves that all sets are ordinal definable, i.e., T ⊢ V = OD . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  9. Myhill’s Constructive set theory 1975 T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  10. Myhill’s Constructive set theory 1975 CST based on intuitionistic logic T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  11. Myhill’s Constructive set theory 1975 CST based on intuitionistic logic Many sorted system: numbers, sets, functions T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  12. Myhill’s Constructive set theory 1975 CST based on intuitionistic logic Many sorted system: numbers, sets, functions Axioms (simplified) T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  13. Myhill’s Constructive set theory 1975 CST based on intuitionistic logic Many sorted system: numbers, sets, functions Axioms (simplified) * Extensionality T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  14. Myhill’s Constructive set theory 1975 CST based on intuitionistic logic Many sorted system: numbers, sets, functions Axioms (simplified) * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity (or N is a set) T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  15. Myhill’s Constructive set theory 1975 CST based on intuitionistic logic Many sorted system: numbers, sets, functions Axioms (simplified) * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity (or N is a set) • Bounded Separation T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  16. Myhill’s Constructive set theory 1975 CST based on intuitionistic logic Many sorted system: numbers, sets, functions Axioms (simplified) * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity (or N is a set) • Bounded Separation • Exponentiation : A , B sets ⇒ A B set. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  17. Myhill’s Constructive set theory 1975 CST based on intuitionistic logic Many sorted system: numbers, sets, functions Axioms (simplified) * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity (or N is a set) • Bounded Separation • Exponentiation : A , B sets ⇒ A B set. • Replacement T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  18. Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, IZF T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  19. Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, IZF * Extensionality T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  20. Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, IZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  21. Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, IZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity • Full Separation • Powerset T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  22. Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, IZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity • Full Separation • Powerset # Collection ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ∃ y ϕ ( x , y ) → ∃ b ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ( ∃ y ∈ b ) ϕ ( x , y ) T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  23. Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, IZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity • Full Separation • Powerset # Collection ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ∃ y ϕ ( x , y ) → ∃ b ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ( ∃ y ∈ b ) ϕ ( x , y ) * Set Induction ( IND ∈ ) ∀ a ( ∀ x ∈ a ϕ ( x ) → ϕ ( a )) → ∀ a ϕ ( a ) , T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  24. Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, IZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity • Full Separation • Powerset # Collection ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ∃ y ϕ ( x , y ) → ∃ b ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ( ∃ y ∈ b ) ϕ ( x , y ) * Set Induction ( IND ∈ ) ∀ a ( ∀ x ∈ a ϕ ( x ) → ϕ ( a )) → ∀ a ϕ ( a ) , Myhill ’s IZF R : IZF with Replacement instead of Collection T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  25. Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  26. Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF * Extensionality T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  27. Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  28. Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity • Bounded Separation T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  29. Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity • Bounded Separation • Exponentiation T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  30. Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity • Bounded Separation • Exponentiation # Strong Collection ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ∃ y ϕ ( x , y ) → ∃ b [ ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ( ∃ y ∈ b ) ϕ ( x , y ) ∧ ( ∀ y ∈ b ) ( ∃ x ∈ a ) ϕ ( x , y ) ] T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  31. Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF * Extensionality • Pairing , Union , Infinity • Bounded Separation • Exponentiation # Strong Collection ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ∃ y ϕ ( x , y ) → ∃ b [ ( ∀ x ∈ a ) ( ∃ y ∈ b ) ϕ ( x , y ) ∧ ( ∀ y ∈ b ) ( ∃ x ∈ a ) ϕ ( x , y ) ] * Set Induction scheme T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  32. Two types of set existence axioms T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  33. Two types of set existence axioms • Explicit set existence axioms : e.g. Separation, Replacement, Exponentiation T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  34. Two types of set existence axioms • Explicit set existence axioms : e.g. Separation, Replacement, Exponentiation • Non-explicit set existence axioms: e.g. in classical set theory Axioms of Choice T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  35. Two types of set existence axioms • Explicit set existence axioms : e.g. Separation, Replacement, Exponentiation • Non-explicit set existence axioms: e.g. in classical set theory Axioms of Choice • Non-explicit set existence axioms in intuitionistic set theory: e.g. Axioms of Choice, (Strong) Collection, Subset Collection, Regular Extension Axiom T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  36. Some History Let IZF R result from IZF by replacing Collection with Replacement, and let CST be Myhill’s constructive set theory. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  37. Some History Let IZF R result from IZF by replacing Collection with Replacement, and let CST be Myhill’s constructive set theory. Theorem 1 . (Myhill) IZF R and CST have the DP , NEP , and the EP . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  38. Some History Let IZF R result from IZF by replacing Collection with Replacement, and let CST be Myhill’s constructive set theory. Theorem 1 . (Myhill) IZF R and CST have the DP , NEP , and the EP . Theorem 2 . (Beeson) IZF has the DP and the NEP . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  39. Some History Let IZF R result from IZF by replacing Collection with Replacement, and let CST be Myhill’s constructive set theory. Theorem 1 . (Myhill) IZF R and CST have the DP , NEP , and the EP . Theorem 2 . (Beeson) IZF has the DP and the NEP . Theorem 3 . (Friedman, Scedrov) IZF does not have the EP . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  40. Realizability Theorem Realizability with truth. Theorem: (R) For every theorem θ of CZF , there exists an application term s such that CZF ⊢ ( s � t θ ) . Moreover, the proof of this soundness theorem is effective in that the application term s can be effectively constructed from the CZF proof of θ . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  41. The Main Theorem T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  42. The Main Theorem Theorem: (R) The DP and the NEP hold true for CZF , CZF + REA and CZF + Large Set Axioms. One can also add Subset Collection and the following choice principles: AC ω , DC , RDC , PAx . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  43. The Main Theorem Theorem: (R) The DP and the NEP hold true for CZF , CZF + REA and CZF + Large Set Axioms. One can also add Subset Collection and the following choice principles: AC ω , DC , RDC , PAx . Theorem: The DP and the NEP hold true for IZF , IZF + REA and IZF + Large Set Axioms. One can also add AC ω , DC , RDC , PAx . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  44. Remarks T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  45. Remarks • This notion of realizability is very robust. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  46. Remarks • This notion of realizability is very robust. Adding Powerset or other axioms to CZF doesn’t change 1 the results. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  47. Remarks • This notion of realizability is very robust. Adding Powerset or other axioms to CZF doesn’t change 1 the results. It can be adapted to other PCAs, e.g. the second Kleene 2 algebra to show that provable functions on Baire space are continuous. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  48. Remarks • This notion of realizability is very robust. Adding Powerset or other axioms to CZF doesn’t change 1 the results. It can be adapted to other PCAs, e.g. the second Kleene 2 algebra to show that provable functions on Baire space are continuous. References: T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  49. Remarks • This notion of realizability is very robust. Adding Powerset or other axioms to CZF doesn’t change 1 the results. It can be adapted to other PCAs, e.g. the second Kleene 2 algebra to show that provable functions on Baire space are continuous. References: R.: The disjunction and related properties for 1 constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. Journal of Symbolic Logic 70 (2005) 1233–1254. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  50. Remarks • This notion of realizability is very robust. Adding Powerset or other axioms to CZF doesn’t change 1 the results. It can be adapted to other PCAs, e.g. the second Kleene 2 algebra to show that provable functions on Baire space are continuous. References: R.: The disjunction and related properties for 1 constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. Journal of Symbolic Logic 70 (2005) 1233–1254. R.: Metamathematical Properties of Intuitionistic Set 2 Theories with Choice Principles. In: S. B. Cooper, B. Löwe, A. Sorbi (eds.): New Computational Paradigms: Changing Conceptions of What is Computable (Springer, New York, 2008) 287–312. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  51. Failure of EP for IZF T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  52. Failure of EP for IZF Collection is ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y A ( x , y ) → ∃ b ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y ∈ b A ( x , y ) . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  53. Failure of EP for IZF Collection is ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y A ( x , y ) → ∃ b ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y ∈ b A ( x , y ) . This is in IZF equivalent to ∃ b [ ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y A ( x , y ) → ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y ∈ b A ( x , y )] T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  54. Failure of EP for IZF Collection is ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y A ( x , y ) → ∃ b ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y ∈ b A ( x , y ) . This is in IZF equivalent to ∃ b [ ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y A ( x , y ) → ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y ∈ b A ( x , y )] • Let B ( z ) be a formula expressing that z is an uncountable cardinal. Let B ∗ ( z ) result from B ( z ) by replacing every atomic subformula D of B ( z ) by D ∨ ∀ uv ( u ∈ v ∨ ¬ u ∈ v ) . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  55. Failure of EP for IZF Collection is ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y A ( x , y ) → ∃ b ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y ∈ b A ( x , y ) . This is in IZF equivalent to ∃ b [ ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y A ( x , y ) → ∀ x ∈ a ∃ y ∈ b A ( x , y )] • Let B ( z ) be a formula expressing that z is an uncountable cardinal. Let B ∗ ( z ) result from B ( z ) by replacing every atomic subformula D of B ( z ) by D ∨ ∀ uv ( u ∈ v ∨ ¬ u ∈ v ) . EP fails for IZF for the following instance: ∃ y [ ∀ x ∈ 1 ∃ z B ∗ ( z ) → ∀ x ∈ 1 ∃ z ∈ y B ∗ ( z )] . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  56. Problems T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  57. Problems • (Beeson 1985) Does any reasonable set theory with Collection have the existential definability property? T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  58. The Weak Existence Property T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  59. The Weak Existence Property T has the weak existence property , wEP , if whenever T ⊢ ∃ x φ ( x ) holds for a formula φ ( x ) having at most the free variable x , then there is a formula ϑ ( x ) with exactly x free, so that T ⊢ ∃ ! x ϑ ( x ) , ⊢ ∀ x [ ϑ ( x ) → ∃ u u ∈ x ] , T T ⊢ ∀ x [ ϑ ( x ) → ∀ u ∈ x φ ( u )] . T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  60. Extended E -recursive functions T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  61. Extended E -recursive functions • We would like to have unlimited application of sets to sets, i.e. we would like to assign a meaning to the symbol { a } ( x ) where a and x are sets. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  62. Extended E -recursive functions • We would like to have unlimited application of sets to sets, i.e. we would like to assign a meaning to the symbol { a } ( x ) where a and x are sets. • Known as E -recursion or set recursion T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  63. Extended E -recursive functions • We would like to have unlimited application of sets to sets, i.e. we would like to assign a meaning to the symbol { a } ( x ) where a and x are sets. • Known as E -recursion or set recursion • However, we shall introduce an extended notion of E -computability, christened E ℘ -computability , rendering the function a b exp ( a , b ) = computable as well. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

  64. Extended E -recursive functions • We would like to have unlimited application of sets to sets, i.e. we would like to assign a meaning to the symbol { a } ( x ) where a and x are sets. • Known as E -recursion or set recursion • However, we shall introduce an extended notion of E -computability, christened E ℘ -computability , rendering the function a b exp ( a , b ) = computable as well. • Classically, E ℘ -computability is related to power recursion , where the power set operation is regarded to be an initial function. Notion studied by Yiannis Moschovakis and Larry Moss. T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES T HE E XISTENCE P ROPERTY AMONG S ET T HEORIES

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