The en envi vironme onmenta ntal l im impa pact ct of of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

“The en envi vironme

• nmenta

ntal l im impa pact ct of

• f

se sett ttli ling ng ref efug ugee ees s in in r ref efug ugee ee ho host stin ing g ar area eas s in in Ug Ugan anda da”

Septembe ember r 20 20th

th,

, 2018 Kampa pala la, Uganda nda

Study Objectives

• To assess the impact of settling refugees and their

energy use on the environment with emphasis on forests and vegetation cover in the surrounding;

• To assess the impact of environmental changes and their

energy use on the livelihoods and well-being of refugees and host communities (men, women & children);

• To prospectively examine existing and potential mitigation

measures against the misuses of energy conservation and the continued deforestation and vegetation loss.

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Ov Over ervie view w of

• f

St Stud udy y Area ea

5,392 study respondents 13 settlements 67% refugees : 33% host 49% male : 51% female

Study Demographics

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Study Demographics

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Majority, 46.9% female headed households

Sa Satellite tellite ma mapping ping

Findings

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Kyangwali

Key issues and implications

• Reductions in natural cover 2006, 2010, 2014
• Increase in land use activities ( settlements, hunting

and farming activities)

• Influx of refugees (Burundi, DRC, Rwanda etc)
• Increased pressure on land resources
• Loss and degradation of natural cover
• Increase on the districts food security
• Development (social, economic) – Win-win situation
• 0.800
• 0.600
• 0.400
• 0.200

0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 20 40 60 80 100 120

NDVI values

• No. of observations

2018 2014 2010 2006 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Commercial farming Grassland Open water Settlement Small scale farming Tropical High Forest- Well Stocked Wetland Woodland

% Land use/cover types

2006 2010 2014 2018

Findings

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Rwamwanja and Kyaka II

Key issues and implications

• Reductions in natural cover (bushlands, wetland,

grasslands)

• Increase in land use activities ( settlements, farming

activities)

• Influx of refugees, demand for firewood, land
• Increased pressure on land resources
• 0.400
• 0.300
• 0.200
• 0.100

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 20 40 60 80 100 120

NDVI values

• No. of observations

2018 2014 2010 2006 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Settlements Bushland Grassland Open water Small scale farming Tropical High Forest degraded Tropical High Forest Well Stocked Wetland Woodland

% Land use/cover types

2006 2010 2014 2018

Climate Change Shocks in last 5 years

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Conclusion on Perceptions

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

The dwellers of the refugee Settlement areas do confirm experiencing climate change They experience climate changes in various ways among which include, prolonged dry spells, droughts, erratic rains, strong winds, increased air temperatures The dwellers experience scarcity of wood fuel There are various ways they experience the scarcity

• f wood fuel. These include walking longer distance

to gather firewood, skipping cooking meals, using

• ther resources to cook.

En Ener ergy gy Us Use Li Livelihoods elihoods

Paid labour

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

0% 30% 5% 34% 2% 1% 11% 17% 1% 74% 1% 1% 3% 3% 16% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Pension or government allowances Farming Gifts/begging Humanitarian organisation remittances Remittance from family members Institutional employment Employment-self employed Others

Hosts Refugees

Fuel consumption per settlement

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Fuel Use

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

A random one day survey of about 82 households in the settlements

• f Bidi Bidi & Adjumani revealed the following:
• Estimated average firewood consumption: 2 kgs/person/day
• Firewood consumption ranged from 0.8 – 4 kgs/person/day
• A bundle of wood (6-7 pieces) costs UGX 500
• Estimated average charcoal consumption: 0.2kgs/person/day
• In most households, charcoal is used as an alternate fuel

Change in distance

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

62% reported that the distance walked to collect firewood had increased over the last one year. 59% of the respondents reported the cause being unavailability of firewood in the old place. 54% 68% 36% 58% 61% 49% 60% 88% 88% 46% 56% 61% 75%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Nakivale Oruchinga Kyaka II Kyangwali Rwamwanja Kiryandongo Rhino camp Adjumani Lobule Palorinya Palabek Bidibidi Imvepi South West West Nile Increased Decreased Remained the same No change mentioned Not applicable

Fuel coping mechanisms

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Due to the scarcity of fuel for cooking many of the respondents resort to various mechanisms

• 51% skip meals,
• 19% change the diet to greens, porridge
• 18% find other means of survival either by

looking for it from far places selling food or another item to begging from the neighbours

• 8% undercooking the food
• 5% cooked with their neighbours

Challenges faced using firewood

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Nakivale Oruchinga Kyaka II Kyagwali Rwamwanja Kiryandongo Rhino camp Adjumani Lobule Palorinya Palabek Bidibidi Imvepi South West West Nile

Smoke Long distance Threats from the host Health issues No challenge

Health challenges related to fuel

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Health challenges related to fuel

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Stove Technologies Used

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Stove used Refugees Vs Hosts

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

57% 64%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Refugees Hosts Unimproved cook stoves Improved cook stoves

Common stoves used

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Recommenda ecommendations tions

Proposed interventions

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

• Stove for work principle
• Tree growing and wood lot planting
• Alternative fuels
• Market led solutions such as PAYG, micro

enterprise offer a stronger basis for energy sustainability.

• Involving both men and women in the design

process.

Promotion of energy efficient cook stoves

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

• Lorena stove: adoption rate and feedback are positive

Laws and Regulations

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug

Marking

• f trees

1

Selling charcoal

2

Cutting trees

3

Thank you! Eileen Lara Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation Makerere University P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda

Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug