THE E RO ROLES LES OF FAMILY PLA PLANNIN ING AND ND SA SAFE - - PDF document

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THE E RO ROLES LES OF FAMILY PLA PLANNIN ING AND ND SA SAFE E MOTHER ERHOOD TO PO POVER ERTY ALLEV LLEVIA IATIO ION

Paper is presented at International Conference on Promoting Family Planning and Maternal Health for Poverty Alleviation. National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN), October 27, 2010, Yogyakarta - Indonesia.

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… poverty is bad enough, but when you are being discriminated, this strips away your dignity, it is much worse, you feel humiliated, you feel useless… (Francis Steward, 2008)

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Distribution of Population by Broad Age Group

Number (in millions) 2010 2015 2020 2025

Population 237,6* 250,4 261,0 270,1 Reproductive Age Women 65,7 68,5 70,1 70,9 Under 15 years of age 64,1 63,6 62,1 60,2 Working group aged 15-64 160,2 170,8 180,3 187,2 Age group of 65 years and over 14,1 16,0 18,5 22,7

1. Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. 2. The population of Indonesia in 2010 has reached 237.6 million

• people. An increase of

32.5 million people over the last 10 years. 3. The population growth declined from 2.32% during 1971-80 to the low

• f 1.97% in 1980-90 and

1.45% in 1990-2000. 4. The growth rate was raised 1.49% during 2000-2010.

Mortality and Fertility Indicators

Demographic Indicators 2005-2010 2015-2020 2020-2025

Population Growth Rate 1,26% 0,99% 0.68% Total Fertility Rate 2,3 2,1 1,9 Infant Mortality Rate 41,6 29,2 21,9 Number of Births 4,5 juta 4,3 juta 3,9 juta Replacement Level 1,07 0,98 0,91 Life Expectancy 66,8 69,9 72,0

• The total fertility rate

downwards from 5.6 in 1971 to 2.3 in 2007.

• The past 40 years have

witnessed a continuous reduction in the infant mortality rate, which was brought down from 145 per thousand live-births in 1971 to 34 in 2007

• The maternal mortality ratio

reveal that a fall of 620/100.000 live-births in 1970s to 228 /100.000 live- births in 2007

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4.9 3.8 4.3 4.5 5.1 5.7 208.4 292.4 197.4 258.3 178.7 215.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 Pertumbuhan PDB Employment Elasticity

Economic Growth, Poverty Trends and Employment Elasticity in Indonesia

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• Post crisis in 1997, Indonesia’s

employment elasticity became worst, implying that the lower degree of labor absorption for every 1% economic growth.

• However, upward movement in economic

growth has accompanied by tendency to decline in poverty incidence.

7.8

• 13.2

0.8 4.9 3.4 3.7 4.8 5.1 5.6 5.5 6.3 6.5 4.9 6.4 11.3 17.7 24.223.4 19.118.418.217.416.716.0 17.816.615.414.213.3 10.3

• 15
• 10
• 5

5 10 15 20 25 30

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015

• 15
• 10
• 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 Laju pertumbuhan PDB % Miskin

Economic Growth

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and Delivery Assistance by Health Staff, 1970-2007

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Family Planning & Health Services

• The Family Planning program is indirectly

introducing to the community, which was formerly traditional oriented toward the modern health services.

• This was eventually able to enhance their

participation to use health staff in the services

• f examination, delivery and confinement as

well as installing the contraception.

Figure 3 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) by Income Group, SDKI 2002-03 and 2007

3.0 3.0

2.52.8 2.5 2.5

2.2 2.7

2.62.7

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

2002-03 2007

Bottom Mid bottom Medium Mid Top Top

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Poverty and Demographic Characteristics

• Demographic characteristics is very important in

explaining earnings levels and earnings differentials in Indonesia.

• Kohfi Anan (2002) said that the poverty and famine

management is not able to be achieved if the population and reproduction health problems are not well responded.

• Indonesia was successful in reducing the percentage of

people living in poverty from 24.2% in 1999 to 13.3% in 2010 through various development interventions, including family planning.

Poverty and Family Size

• Demographically, poor households tend to

have large members of family, and this is true either in rural or urban areas.

• With low level of health; mortality rate tends

to be high so that poor people assume that increasing number of children reduces the risk

• f having no descendant at all.

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Poverty and Family Size

• Thus, it is obvious from this notion that

children are valued high in most Indonesian poor communities. This is because they view children as a crucial factor of production. Nonetheless, this also reflects that poor household carry heavier burden than the non- poor.

Impacts of the Family Planning in Reducing Poverty

The Family Planning program has indirect effects toward poverty:

• Postponement of the marital age
• Female Labor Force Participation rate increased along

with the decreased of fertility.

• Indonesian labor market has experienced feminization

during the last three decades.

• Along with the increase of maternal health quality, the

employment expansion has benefited female to work

• utside their home.

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Family Planning and Government Spending

• Family Planning program is nationally also able to

save the development budget, which should actually be allocated for 287 million people, is economized for only 204 million people in 2000

• Jakarta’s Case (Gani, 2000) :

– The government of Jakarta could save the budget allocation for education sector around 2,590 billion rupiah and 3,300 billion rupiah for health services because of FP program and the decrease of TFR.

Figure 5 The Trend of TFR and Female Labor Force Participation Rate, 1971 - 2007

33.1 32.4 33.6 38.79 40.96 56.52 50.6 67.0 5.6 5.2 4.7 4.1 3.4 3.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 1 2 3 4 5 6

TPAK TFR

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Family Planning and Female Labor Force

• There are some factors that influence female

participation in labor force which is followed by changes in employment’s structures. Female’s education, household welfare, and family structures are the main factors that affect female’s decision making to work.

• Female’s marital status and age and the presence of

young children are strongly correlated with female labor force participation in Indonesia.

• Particularly with the existence of children, female tend to

delay their involvement in labor market for child care reason.

Figure 4

Percentage of Poor People and Total Fertility Rate (TFR), 1971 - 2007

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Present and Future Challenges

• The young dependency burden (as the proportion of the

population below 15 years) is still become heavier over the coming years. Indonesia experiences around 4 million new baby born each year.

• An “inter-generation poverty trap” from which it is

difficult to escape.

• A demographic path where the number of older persons

is projected around 79.8 million in 2050.

• More than half of labor force have only primary or less

education level.

• Poverty still continues to haunt 31 million people in

Indonesia.

The Way Forward

• Indonesia should currently start to divert attention

from the issue of population control to the quality

• improvement. However, apparently the population

control is still not able yet to be left behind.

• Strengthening the commitment of the local

governments toward family planning program, safe motherhood and women empowerment

• Reducing unmet need especially for women who were

in quintile 1 and 2

• Re commitment among the religious leader and faith-

based organizations to be involved in the FP.

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Thank You