The Diffusion of National ICT Planning and Policies in Latin America - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Diffusion of National ICT Planning and Policies in Latin America - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Diffusion of National ICT Planning and Policies in Latin America Dr. Ral L. Katz Adjunct Professor, Division of Finance and Economics Director, Business Strategy Research Columbia Institute of Tele-information III Conference

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The Diffusion of National ICT Planning and Policies in Latin America

III Conference ACORN-Redecom

Mexico, D.F. September 5, 2009

  • Dr. Raúl L. Katz

Adjunct Professor, Division of Finance and Economics Director, Business Strategy Research Columbia Institute of Tele-information

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The ICT policy and planning experience in Latin America has undergone three phases

PHASES DRIVERS PRIMARY ACTORS

PRIVATIZATION AND LIBERALIZATION (1990- 2002)

  • Reduce the size of government
  • Increase ICT sector efficiency
  • Generate funds for public treasuries
  • Generate static and dynamic

efficiencies

  • Signal foreign capital that Latam was

an attractive market

  • Limited regulatory technical experience,

required outside multilateral (ITU, World Bank)

  • r private advisory (i-banks, consulting and law

firms)

DEVELOPMENT OF ICT PLANS (1999-Current)

  • Transition to “information societies”

(development of broadband, adoption

  • f computers, ICT-literacy)
  • Promotion of export-led growth sectors

(e.g. software industries)

  • Multiple state agencies
  • In some cases, private sector involvement
  • In some cases, subject to Executive or

Parliamentary approval

EMERGENCE OF SUB- SOVEREIGN PLANNING (2003-Current)

  • Development of E-government

agendas (ciudades digitales)

  • Promotion of ICT clusters and regional

economic development

  • In some cases, driven by lack of

planning capacity of federal governments or in opposition to national agendas

  • Municipalities and State governments
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Each phase has been progressing across processes that can be studied with the help of diffusion theories

  • Is there a pattern in the way telecommunications policies are adopted

by different countries in Latin America? Timing? Imitation? Leaders and followers?

  • What are the influencing factors driving policy adoption?
  • Does the diffusion of planning initiatives across the region follow a

pattern similar to that of privatization and competition?

  • What can we learn from the first phase of privatization and competition

that is relevant to the planning phase?

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Agenda

  • Public policy diffusion among Latin American countries
  • ICT planning experience in the region
  • Prescriptive planning models
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Phase 1 (Privatization and Liberalization) adoption followed a conventional diffusion process

5 10 15 20 25 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Privatization of incumbent Independent Regulator

DIFFUSION OF REGULATORY INITIATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA

Source: Katz (2009)

Despite the (re) nationalization of CANTV (Venezuela) and Entel (Bolivia), and the reluctance of Uruguay and Ecuador to privatize their incumbent

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Three variables help understand the privatization and liberalization policy diffusion process

VARIABLES TYPOLOGY

DIFFUSION PATTERN

  • Geographic proximity (similar problems and conditions, “copy your

neighbor”)

  • Lateral diffusion (among countries sharing common socio-economic

and cultural circumstances)

  • Hierarchical diffusion (from advanced countries to developing ones)

ROLE OF COUNTRIES

  • Instigators (leaders and radicals)
  • Followers (moderates and indecisive)
  • Laggards (conservatives, “snobs”)

ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS

  • Supra-national (ITU, World Bank)
  • Policy entrepreneurs (consulting and law firms, academics, i-banks)
  • Community networks (ERG, Regulatel, etc.)
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The institutional role in the diffusion process has followed several models

VOLUNTARY TRANSFER (transfer by learning) COHERCIVE TRANSFER (direct imposition)

CONDITIONALITY VOLUNTARY BUT DRIVEN BY AN EXTERNALITY (promote DFI) COMPULSORY TRANSFER (transfer as a result of an agreement) Auction of Band B spectrum in Brazil (1994) LLU in Europe Pressure from IMF for privatizing fixed line incumbents or liberalizing telecom industry (e.g. Korea) RATIONAL DECISION MAKING Influence in conducting Structural Separation

INSTITUTIONAL ROLES IN THE TRANSFER OF PUBLIC POLICIES

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Right now, the region is embarking in a process of consideration of incumbent’s functional separation models

Consent Decree results in Local LD separation

  • f ATT (1984)

Telecom Act allows re- integration of Local and LD (1996)

1984-1989 1990-2000 2001-2005 2006-2008 US EUROPE ASIA

EU Directive obliges telcos to divest from cable TV operations (1995) Functional Separation

  • f BT (2005)

Swisscom (2002) y DT (2004) divest their cable

  • perations

Functional Separation of TeliaSonera (2008) Eircom considers structural separation Functional separation of TNZ (2008)

LATAM

Anatel Commissioner raises the benefits of functional separation in Brasil Separation is approbed at a remedy by EC UE agrees on a system to control industry concentration (1989) Rule 1/2003 defines structural remedies to face abuse of market position Functional separation of Telecom Italia Discussion begins in Colombia

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Through diffusion processes, policy convergence is emerging within the region although some differences exist with other continents

Europe Latam Asia North America

Unbundling

  • Convergencia de un modelo de

desagregación para todos los estados de la UE

  • No hay un modelo de

desagregación o reventa en la región

  • Convergencia de un modelo de

desagregación para Corea, Malasia, Taiwán y Singapur

  • No desagregación tanto en

Canadá o USA

Spectrum management

  • Dividendo digital, asignación de 2.6

GHz

  • Reformulación de 2G
  • Diferentes términos legales,

procesos y condiciones

  • Siguen políticas y principios de

la ITU WARC

  • En la mayoría de países se otorga en

conjunto con la licencia, excepto en PRC

  • Algunos países se distribuye confiando

en el mercado

  • Dividendo digital, asignación de

2.6 GHz

  • Distribución de acuerdo al

mercado

Universal Service

  • La carga es repartida entre todos

los operadores según beneficios

  • La carga es repartida entre

todos los operadores según beneficios

  • La carga es repartida entre todos los
  • peradores según beneficios
  • La carga es repartida entre

todos los operadores según beneficios

NGN regulation ●

Desagregación del bucle del abonado

  • Regulación de las NGN en proceso

de definición

  • No desagregación
  • NGN - Ámbito sin definir
  • Sin restricción para el acceso al

por mayor

  • No desagregación

Foreign

  • wnership

restrictions

  • Restringido a participación

minoritario en México y Brasil

  • Sin restricciones en Chile,

Argentina

  • Generalmente restringida a

participaciones minoritarias en Corea, Las Filipinas, China, Malasia, Taiwán y Tailandia

  • Sin restricciones

VoIP

  • En general , VoIP no está regulado ●

Con la excepción de Chile, VoIP no está regulado

  • Variedad de modelos basados en la

incertidumbre del impacto

  • En general , VoIP no está

regulado

Tariff controls

  • Control para operadores con poder

significativo de mercado (SMP)

  • Variedad de modelos, desde estrictos

(PRC), price cap (Corea) , basados en índices de productividad (Australia and Taiwán) hasta control para SMP (Singapur)

  • No hay price cap

Convergencia within one region Convergencia across regions

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There is a need to start breaking with the imitation cycle and assume policies that reflect the region’s realities

  • Build a solid understanding of economic and social needs of our regions
  • Leverage the expertise that has been built in the region within the last fifteen years

(academia, regulatory, policy makers)

  • Assess foreign experience in light of the regional requirements (which means

shying away from mechanical benchmarks)

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Agenda

  • Public policy diffusion among Latin American countries
  • ICT planning experience in the region
  • Prescriptive planning models
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12 2 4 6 8 10 12 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Numero de Paises Framing Document ICT Development Plan

The second policy phase – Development of ICT Plans – comprises two parallel processes

  • Framing document:

diagnostic of ICT situation in country, general

  • bjectives for sector

development

  • ICT Development Plan:

specific sector plans with focus on education, industry development, economic impact, etc. DIFFUSION OF PLANNING INITIATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA

Source: Katz (2009)

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Country State of ICT Planning Responsibility for Preparation Responsibility for Follow-up Private Sector participation First Phase Second Phase First Level (1) Second Level (2) Third Level (3) First Level (4) Second level (5) Third Level (6) Argentina 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Bolivia 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. X Brazil 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. X Chile 1 1 X X X Costa Rica 2 X X Colombia 1 X X X Ecuador 2 X X El Salvador 2 X X Guatemala 2 X X México 1 X X X Nicaragua 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Panamá 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Perú 2 X X X Venezuela 1 2 X X Uruguay 2 X X X

Source: Katz (2009)

The state of ICT planning varies substantially by country

Notes: 1) Presidentiall or Ministerial Commission, 2) Vice-Ministry, 3) Departmental, 4) Interministerial Commission, 4) Technology Commission, 5) Department

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The larger economies tend to lag in the development of ICT plans

200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Costa Rica Chile Colombia Peru Ecuador Mexico Venezuela Uruguay Guatemala El Salvador

PIB (Millones)

Source: Katz (2009)

GDP AT PPP AND DATA OF PUBLICATION OF ICT PLAN

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This explains the leadership assumed by State and local governments in promoting ICT agendas

  • Redefinition of the top-down paradigm whereby planning flows from

national level to regional and local

  • Shift in the center of policy development due to lack of leadership

(Argentina)

  • Change in resource allocation and budgets
  • Political competition
  • The sub-sovereign emerges as an instance of intermediation between civil

society and the state (closer to understanding needs from local economies)

  • As of last year, over 1,800 “digital plans” at the municipal level
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With notable exceptions, the region still lacks comprehensive ICT policies

  • Lacking a long-term vision regarding the objectives for ICT infrastructure
  • No ICT agenda that is aligned with key development plans
  • Economic development plans do not consider ICT as a critical

component

  • Lack of political alignment and coordination among government entities

regarding the ICT policy objectives

  • Lack of political will to build a national comprehensive ICT agenda
  • Policy makers lack in-depth understanding of the social and economic

importance of ICT

  • Lack of transparency in the process of building consensus between the

public and private sector around ICT goals

  • As a result, plans are in many cases the sum of secondary objectives

lacking a unifying perspective of what they are trying to achieve

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Agenda

  • Public policy diffusion among Latin American countries
  • ICT planning experience in the region
  • Prescriptive planning models
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Need to continue constructing national ICT agendas in the region

  • Governments need to assume a pro-active role in development and implementation of an ICT agenda,

that goes beyond the regulator of the telecommunications sector

  • The National agendas have to include:

– Strategic vision of the role of ICT – Economic priorities in the supply and demand of ICT – Mechanisms for achieving not only economic impact but also fulfill social inclusion objectives – Mechanisms for promotion of adoption

  • From a practical standpoint, the construction of a national agenda needs to follow four steps

– Define a project for the country that is linked to ICT – Reach consensus among all public and private institutions related to ICT – Development of national plan – Formulation of specific projects

  • Two alternatives if the above cannot be fulfilled

– Leverage tools and programs that can achieve some impact (USO, e-literacy) – Rely on the private sector to assume leadership

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