The Basics of Morphology Course Readings Motivating Morphology Basic Concepts and Notation The Basics of Morphology More Suffixation Rules Prefixes Morphological Structure and Ambiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Course Readings Morphology Course Readings Motivating Morphology Basic Concepts The following readings have been posted to the Moodle and Notation course site: More Suffixation Rules ▶ Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 4 (pp. 115-127) Prefixes Morphological Structure and Ambiguity The following reading (on Moodle) is not essential, but might be helpful: ▶ Language Instinct; Chapter 5 (119-152) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The System Thus Far Morphology The Fundamental Question: What are the rules and mental representations that Course Readings Motivating underlie our ability to speak and understand a language? Morphology The Mental Lexicon Words and Rules The Answer Thus Far: Basic Concepts ▶ Mental Representations: and Notation More Suffixation ▶ A memorized representation of the phonemes making up Rules the word. Prefixes ▶ The Rules: Morphological Structure and ▶ Phonology: Rules affecting how the word is pronounced. Ambiguity ▶ The Syllabification Rule ▶ The Aspiration Rule ▶ The V-Lengthening Rule ▶ (...and a whole bunch more...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The System Thus Far Morphology The Fundamental Question: What are the rules and mental representations that Course Readings Motivating underlie our ability to speak and understand a language? Morphology The Mental Lexicon Words and Rules The Answer Thus Far: Basic Concepts ▶ Mental Representations: and Notation More Suffixation ▶ A memorized representation of the phonemes making up Rules the word. Prefixes ▶ The Rules: Morphological Structure and ▶ Phonology: Rules affecting how the word is pronounced. Ambiguity ▶ The Syllabification Rule ▶ The Aspiration Rule ▶ The V-Lengthening Rule ▶ (...and a whole bunch more...) Fact: There are also rules for forming words of a language. ▶ Morphology = Rules for forming words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Mental Lexicon Morphology Course Readings Motivating Morphology Vocabulary: The Mental Lexicon The (Mental) Lexicon = the information about words that you Words and Rules Basic Concepts store in memory. and Notation ▶ For each word, you memorize a ton of stuff: More Suffixation Rules ▶ its phonemic representation Prefixes ▶ its meaning Morphological Structure and ▶ its ‘part of speech’ (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) Ambiguity ▶ ... etc. ... ▶ Part of our knowledge of English is a huge database of words (a mental lexicon). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Picture of the Mental Lexicon Morphology Dog: Course Readings ▶ Sound: /dAg/ Motivating Morphology ▶ Part of Speech: Noun The Mental Lexicon Words and Rules ▶ Meaning: canis familiaris Basic Concepts and Notation More Suffixation Rules Cat: Prefixes ▶ Sound: /kæt/ Morphological Structure and ▶ Part of Speech: Noun Ambiguity ▶ Meaning: felis domesticus Love: ▶ Sound: /l2v/ ▶ Part of Speech: Verb ▶ Meaning: To feel strong affection for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Words and Rules Morphology Key Fact: Course Readings ▶ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know. Motivating Morphology ▶ Some words you know but haven’t ‘memorized’. The Mental Lexicon Words and Rules Basic Concepts Illustration: and Notation More Suffixation ▶ Imagine I told you this was a technical term in linguistics: Rules ▶ ‘Blorking’ = to ask really long-winded questions at Prefixes linguistics talks Morphological Structure and Ambiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Words and Rules Morphology Key Fact: Course Readings ▶ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know. Motivating Morphology ▶ Some words you know but haven’t ‘memorized’. The Mental Lexicon Words and Rules Basic Concepts Illustration: and Notation More Suffixation ▶ Imagine I told you this was a technical term in linguistics: Rules ▶ ‘Blorking’ = to ask really long-winded questions at Prefixes linguistics talks Morphological Structure and ▶ Now suppose I said the following to you: Ambiguity ▶ “Seth Cable is a notorious blorker .” ▶ You would understand the word blorker , even though you’d never actually heard it before... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Words and Rules Morphology Key Fact: Course Readings ▶ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know. Motivating Morphology ▶ Some words you know but haven’t ‘memorized’. The Mental Lexicon Words and Rules Basic Concepts Conclusion: and Notation Since you’d never heard blorker before... More Suffixation Rules ▶ It wasn’t memorized in your “mental lexicon”... Prefixes ▶ So, your knowledge of its meaning came from somewhere else ... Morphological Structure and Ambiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Words and Rules Morphology Key Fact: Course Readings ▶ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know. Motivating Morphology ▶ Some words you know but haven’t ‘memorized’. The Mental Lexicon Words and Rules Basic Concepts Conclusion: and Notation Since you’d never heard blorker before... More Suffixation Rules ▶ It wasn’t memorized in your “mental lexicon”... Prefixes ▶ So, your knowledge of its meaning came from somewhere else ... Morphological Structure and Ambiguity The Rule: For any verb V, adding “er” to the end of V makes a noun that means “one who Vs” (“blorker” = one who ‘blorks’) Major Conclusion: English (and other languages) has rules for forming words. ▶ Morphology = Rules for forming words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Vocabulary Time! Morphology Morpheme: Course Readings A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned. Motivating ▶ /blOôk/ = to ask long-winded questions at linguistics talks Morphology ▶ /1ô/ = one who performs a given activity Basic Concepts and Notation Some Basic Concepts Some Basic Notation Free Morpheme: More Suffixation A morpheme that can ‘stand alone’ as a complete word. Rules ▶ /blOôk/ Prefixes “Seth Cable loves to blork .” Morphological ▶ /plej/ “My cat loves to play .” Structure and Ambiguity Bound Morpheme: Morpheme that can’t ‘stand alone’ as a complete word. ▶ /1ô/ “Seth is a real blorker / player / *er .” Affix: A bound morpheme that attaches to another morpheme ▶ /1ô/ “Seth is a real blorker / player / *er .” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Vocabulary Time! Morphology Morpheme: Course Readings A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned. Motivating ▶ /blOôk/ = to ask long-winded questions at linguistics talks Morphology ▶ /1ô/ = one who performs a given activity Basic Concepts and Notation Some Basic Concepts Some Basic Notation Free Morpheme: More Suffixation A morpheme that can ‘stand alone’ as a complete word. Rules ▶ /blOôk/ Prefixes “Seth Cable loves to blork .” Morphological ▶ /plej/ “My cat loves to play .” Structure and Ambiguity Bound Morpheme: Morpheme that can’t ‘stand alone’ as a complete word. ▶ /1ô/ “Seth is a real blorker / player / *er .” Suffix: An affix that attaches to the end of a morpheme. ▶ /1ô/ “Seth is a real blorker / player / *er .” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Morphological Rules Morphology Let’s work towards the rule for suffix “-er” in English... Course Readings Motivating Morphology Basic Concepts and Notation Some Basic Concepts Some Basic Notation More Suffixation Rules Prefixes Morphological Structure and Ambiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Morphological Rules Morphology Let’s work towards the rule for suffix “-er” in English... Course Readings Motivating Observation 1: Morphology ▶ Suffix “-er” can attach to verbs. Basic Concepts and Notation ▶ blorker, player, baker, dancer, etc. Some Basic Concepts Some Basic Notation More Suffixation Rules Prefixes Morphological Structure and Ambiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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