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The Americas
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Major Questions before Ancient Genomes
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- 1. When did humans arrive in the Americas?
- 2. By what route did they get come?
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The Americas 1 1 Major Questions before Ancient Genomes 1. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
The Americas 1 1 Major Questions before Ancient Genomes 1. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
The Americas 1 1 Major Questions before Ancient Genomes 1. When did humans arrive in the Americas? 2. By what route did they get come? 2 2 Beringia Wikipedia 3 3 Ancient PaleoSiberians and Ancient Beringians Trail Creek
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Beringia
Wikipedia
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Ancient PaleoSiberians and Ancient Beringians
Figure 1A from Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z .pdf
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Trail Creek Cave
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Two Routes to the South
Figure 1a from Rasmussen et al. - 2014 - The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clov .pdf
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Anzick
16,000 cal BP 14,000 cal BP 13,000 cal BP Extent of glaciation
a
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Google Maps
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Big Bar Lake, Canada, 5,600 Years Ago
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Divergence between Northern and Southern
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Northern Native Americans
Wikipedia
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Na-Dené Language Distribution Algonquinian Language Distribution
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Earliest American Genome
Google Maps
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Anzick 12.6 kya Clovis13.0 kya
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The Clovis Culture
Wikipedia
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Earliest Native American Genomes
Google Maps
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Anzick 12.6 kya Spirit Cave 10.7 kya Kennewick 9.0 kya Clovis 13.0 kya Paisley 12.8 kya
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The Explosion
Google Earth
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Two Studies of Ancient American Genomes
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Published on the same day (November 8):
- Reich’s group, in Cell: “Reconstructing the
Deep Population History of Central and South America”, Posth et al. - 2018 - Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Cent.pdf
- Willerslev’s group, in Science: “Early human
dispersals within the Americas”, Moreno-Mayar et al. - 2018 - Early human dispersals within the Americas.pdf
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Anzick-Related Ancestry in South America
Posth et al. - 2018 - Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Cent (Fig 1A) .pdf
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Anzick-Related Ancestry in South America
Moreno-Mayar et al. - 2018 - Early human dispersals within the Americas (fig 1A) .pdf
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Subsequent Dilution and Admixture
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Dilution of Anzick-related ancestry in South America
- Source unknown
- Timing unknown
Some later admixture can be identified
- Channel-Islands-related
- Mixe-related
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Before 4,200 Years Ago
Posth et al. - 2018 - Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Cent (Fig 1A) .pdf
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After 5,000 Years Ago
Moreno-Mayar et al. - 2018 - Early human dispersals within the Americas (fig 1A) .pdf
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After 5,000 Years Ago
Based on Figure 1A from Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z .pdf
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Saqqaq
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Na-Dené (Athabascan) Languages
Based on Flegontov et al. - 2017 - Paleo-Eskimo genetic legacy (Fig 6a) .pdf
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Northern Native Americans
Wikipedia
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Na-Dené Language Distribution Algonquinian Language Distribution
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Possible Neo-Eskimo Origin 3,100-2,500 BP
Based on Flegontov et al. - 2017 - Paleo-Eskimo genetic legacy (Fig 6b) .pdf
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Northern Native American Proto Paleo- Eskimo Neo- Eskimo
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Old Bering Sea Culture after 2,200 BP
Based on Flegontov et al. - 2017 - Paleo-Eskimo genetic legacy (Fig 6b) .pdf
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Neo- Eskimo Proto-Aleut Old Bering Sea Culture
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Thule Culture about 1,150 Years Ago
Based on Flegontov et al. - 2017 - Paleo-Eskimo genetic legacy (Fig 6b) .pdf
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Principal Components Analysis
Flegontov et al. - 2017 - Paleo-Eskimo genetic legacy (Fig 2) .pdf
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Figure 2. Principal component analysis (PCA) on the HumanOrigins datasets prior to any
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- utlier removal. A plot of two principal components (PC1 vs. PC2) is presented. Calibrated
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radiocarbon dates in calBP are shown for ancient samples (large circles). For individuals,
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95% confidence intervals are shown, and for populations, minimal and maximal dates
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among all confidence intervals of that population are shown. A similar plot for the Illumina
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dataset is displayed in Extended Data Fig. 3, and plots for the datasets used for
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qpWave/qpAdm analyses are shown in Supplementary Information section 4. In those
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datasets, First American, Chukotko-Kamchatkan-speaking and Eskimo-Aleut-speaking
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individuals having >1% European, African, or Southeast Asian ancestry according to
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ADMIXTURE were removed.
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Europeans SE Asians East Siberians West Siberians Southern Native Americans Northern Native Americans Paleo-Eskimos Ancient Neo-Eskimos Ancient Aleuts Ancient
- N. Athabaskans
- N. Athabaskans
Chukotko-Kamchatkans Eskimo- Aleuts
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Simplified Partial Demography of the Americas
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NNA South America SNA AB Pal Sib East Asia ANE Kennewick SW Ontario ??? Anzick Early SAm Later SAm Mixe Early CAm Unknown Population A Paleo- Eskimo Athabascan (Na-Dené) Proto Paleo- Eskimo Neo-Eskimo Algonquin
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Paleoamericans Hypothesis
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- Distinctive skull shape of some ancient
and current Native Americans
- Similar to skull shape of some
indigenous Asian populations
- Archaeological and anthropological
research, not genomics
- Mainly from a single research group
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The “Population Y” Hypothesis
Skoglund et al. - 2015 - Genetic evidence for two founding populations of t (Fig 1d) .pdf
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Onge Australians Papuans Mamanwa Ami Tongan 0.003 −0.001 Suruí Karitiana Xavante Cabecar
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Current Status
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Paleoamerican hypothesis
- No correlation with genomics
- Any real difference has environmental causes
Population Y hypothesis
- Both labs confirmed faint signal
- Willerslev doubled down
- Reich raised possibility of a false positive
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