The ABCs of Behavior Analysis A REVIEW OF THE BASICS National - - PDF document

▶
the abcs of behavior analysis
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

The ABCs of Behavior Analysis A REVIEW OF THE BASICS National - - PDF document

Oct 13, 2022 161 likes •795 views

7/25/2017 The ABCs of Behavior Analysis A REVIEW OF THE BASICS National Autism Conference Workshop The Pennsylvania State University August 2017 1 3 1 7/25/2017 Topics Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects

slide-1
SLIDE 1

7/25/2017 1

The ABCs of Behavior Analysis

A REVIEW OF THE BASICS National Autism Conference Workshop The Pennsylvania State University August 2017

1 3

slide-2
SLIDE 2

7/25/2017 2

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

4

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

5

slide-3
SLIDE 3

7/25/2017 3

  • Popular assumptions about

reinforcement and about getting rid of problem behavior

  • These assumptions probably
  • riginated in superficial treatments, as

in intro psych courses taught by those without a background in behavior analysis

  • Ignoring (extinction) is not the

procedure of choice

6

  • Reinforcement and its

misrepresentations

  • Reinforcement differs from bribery
  • The so-called Hidden Costs of

Reward mainly occur (if they occur at all) when reinforcers are delivered noncontingently

7

slide-4
SLIDE 4

7/25/2017 4

  • Reinforcement: Reinforcing

responses or reinforcing organisms?

  • Where is the response in self-

reinforcement?

8 9

slide-5
SLIDE 5

7/25/2017 5

10

  • The Side-Effects of Extinction
  • spontaneous recovery
  • disinhibition,
  • rapid reacquisition
  • emotional behavior

11

slide-6
SLIDE 6

7/25/2017 6

12 13

slide-7
SLIDE 7

7/25/2017 7

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

14

The distinction between contingencies and pairings

15

slide-8
SLIDE 8

7/25/2017 8

  • The distinction between contingencies

and pairings

  • Reinforcement
  • Extinction
  • Free or noncontingent reinforcement

(NCR)

18 19

slide-9
SLIDE 9

7/25/2017 9

20 21

slide-10
SLIDE 10

7/25/2017 10

22 23

slide-11
SLIDE 11

7/25/2017 11

EXT (a)

24 25

slide-12
SLIDE 12

7/25/2017 12

26

EXT (b)

27

slide-13
SLIDE 13

7/25/2017 13

28 29

slide-14
SLIDE 14

7/25/2017 14

EXT / RT 20-s

30 31

slide-15
SLIDE 15

7/25/2017 15

32

33

slide-16
SLIDE 16

7/25/2017 16

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

34 35

slide-17
SLIDE 17

7/25/2017 17

  • Sensory-motor phenomena: The

effects of subtle but pervasive contingencies

36 37

slide-18
SLIDE 18

7/25/2017 18

  • Sensory-motor phenomena: The

effects of subtle but pervasive contingencies

  • The shaping of phonetic structure in

infants

38 39

slide-19
SLIDE 19

7/25/2017 19

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

40

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

41

slide-20
SLIDE 20

7/25/2017 20

  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Examples:
  • Food presentation and shock removal
  • Thirst and water reinforcers
  • Heat and cold
  • Is there a behavioral criterion?

42 43

slide-21
SLIDE 21

7/25/2017 21

44

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

46

slide-22
SLIDE 22

7/25/2017 22

  • Does punishment work?
  • Criteria: Effectiveness while the

contingency continues vs effectiveness after the contingency ends

47 48

slide-23
SLIDE 23

7/25/2017 23

  • Side-effects of punishers

49 50

slide-24
SLIDE 24

7/25/2017 24

51

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

52

slide-25
SLIDE 25

7/25/2017 25

  • Evolution: Variation and Selection
  • Selection in Phylogenic and

Ontogeny

  • Cultural Selection (Memetics)
  • Artificial and Natural Selection

53

  • Shaping as Selection

54

slide-26
SLIDE 26

7/25/2017 26

55

White, K. G. (2002). Psychophysics of remembering: The discrimination hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 141-145.

56

slide-27
SLIDE 27

7/25/2017 27

  • The selection of behavior
  • Shaping as a skill and (sometimes) as

an art form

  • Function vs topography in the

creation of operant classes

  • Lever presses and key pecks
  • SIB, attention getting and their

variants

  • Higher-order classes

57 59

slide-28
SLIDE 28

7/25/2017 28

61

  • Shaping
  • Where did all of this come from?

62

slide-29
SLIDE 29

7/25/2017 29

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

63 64

slide-30
SLIDE 30

7/25/2017 30

65 66

slide-31
SLIDE 31

7/25/2017 31

  • Why the lever press as an arbitrary

class mattered

67

  • Why the lever press as an arbitrary

class mattered

  • How about higher-order classes?
  • And how about the other classes: the

stimulus classes and the reinforcer classes?

68

slide-32
SLIDE 32

7/25/2017 32

69 70

slide-33
SLIDE 33

7/25/2017 33

  • Some Sources of Novel Behavior
  • Shaping
  • Direct reinforcement of novelty
  • Emergence based on higher-order

classes

  • Adduction

71 72

slide-34
SLIDE 34

7/25/2017 34

73 75

slide-35
SLIDE 35

7/25/2017 35

77

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

78

slide-36
SLIDE 36

7/25/2017 36

  • Stimulus control (discrimination)
  • What is the role of attention?
  • Should we look at the stimuli or at the

behavior?

79 80

slide-37
SLIDE 37

7/25/2017 37

81

The Three-Term Contingency

In presence of S1, R1 may produce C1 In presence of S2, R2 may produce C2

S = Stimulus R = Response C= Consequence

When R1 in presence of S1 differs from R2 in presence of S2, we say that the individual discriminates S1 from S2.

82

slide-38
SLIDE 38

7/25/2017 38

83 84

slide-39
SLIDE 39

7/25/2017 39

85

The Feature-Positive vs Feature-Negative Experiment

86

slide-40
SLIDE 40

7/25/2017 40

87 88

slide-41
SLIDE 41

7/25/2017 41

89 90

slide-42
SLIDE 42

7/25/2017 42

91 92

slide-43
SLIDE 43

7/25/2017 43

93 94

slide-44
SLIDE 44

7/25/2017 44

95 96

slide-45
SLIDE 45

7/25/2017 45

97

Creating a Conditional Discrimination

98

slide-46
SLIDE 46

7/25/2017 46

99

Observing Response Procedures ๏ Two pigeon keys:

๏ The schedule key, on which pecks may produce

food

๏ The observing key, on which pecks do not produce

food but may change whether relevant stimuli are available on the schedule key

100

slide-47
SLIDE 47

7/25/2017 47

101 102

slide-48
SLIDE 48

7/25/2017 48

103 104

slide-49
SLIDE 49

7/25/2017 49

  • Terminological issues in the language
  • f stimulus control
  • The vocabularies of corrects and

errors

  • The role of delayed reinforcement

105

The relation between reinforcers and responses that precede them: at the top, only one response is followed by a reinforcer; at the bottom, many are followed, at different delays. Thus, the effect of the reinforcer is larger.

106

slide-50
SLIDE 50

7/25/2017 50

112

Topics

  • Reinforcement, Extinction, and Their Side-Effects
  • Contingencies, Contiguities, and Pairings
  • Motivation: Establishing Operations
  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement as Selection - Shaping
  • Operant Classes
  • Stimulus Control and Attention

113

slide-51
SLIDE 51

7/25/2017 51

  • Circular reasoning in everyday

accounts of the causes of behavior

  • Attitudes
  • The language of emotions and

feelings

  • Anger as a cause of behavior
  • Skinner’s pecking order

demonstration

115

  • Multiple Causation
  • An example from Verbal Behavior:
  • rdering at the fast food counter
  • lunchtime as establishing operation;

sights and smells of food

  • ccasioning tacts; menus
  • ccasioning textual behavior; orders

placed by others occasioning echoic behavior; server as audience

  • ccasioning manding; ....

116

slide-52
SLIDE 52

7/25/2017 52

117 118

slide-53
SLIDE 53

7/25/2017 53

  • NOTE FOR ONLINE VIEWERS:
  • SLIDES PAST THIS POINT ARE

ABOUT OPTIONAL TOPICS THAT PROBABLY WOULD NEED MORE TIME THAN AVAILABLE FOR THE MAIN WORKSHOP.

119

  • Issues of behavior chains and

extended sequences of behavior

  • Chains vs chunks

120

slide-54
SLIDE 54

7/25/2017 54

121 122

slide-55
SLIDE 55

7/25/2017 55

  • How to decide:
  • Can sequences in which one response

produces a discriminative stimulus that

  • ccasions the next one be identified?
  • This is not an issue of whether sequences

are all chains or all chunks. Instead, given a behavior sequence, which kind is it? BEHAVIOR CHAINS VS EXTENDED BEHAVIOR SEQUENCES: CHAINS VS CHUNKS

123 124

slide-56
SLIDE 56

7/25/2017 56

  • Reinforcer classes in three-term

contingencies

  • Matching-to-sample as an example

125 126

slide-57
SLIDE 57

7/25/2017 57

127 128

slide-58
SLIDE 58

7/25/2017 58

  • Intermittent Reinforcement
  • Variable and fixed ratio and interval

contingencies

  • VR, FR, VI, FI
  • Temporal contingencies
  • DRL, DRH, DRO and their

variations

129 130

slide-59
SLIDE 59

7/25/2017 59

131 132

slide-60
SLIDE 60

7/25/2017 60

152 158

slide-61
SLIDE 61

7/25/2017 61

SCHEDULE COMBINATIONS

  • Multiple and mixed
  • Chained and tandem
  • Concurrent
  • Concurrent chains
  • and many others....

159 171

slide-62
SLIDE 62

7/25/2017 62

172 173