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The 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle): an approach to sustainable solid waste management Janya Sang-Arun Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) 3Rs in Asia The 3Rs (reduce, reuse,

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The 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle): an approach to sustainable solid waste management

Janya Sang-Arun Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

The 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle)

  • An approach to minimise resource consumption in the

level that sufficient for basic need (reduce), use goods and materials until it can’t be repaired or fixed to perform its function (reuse), and reprocess the materials that being discarded into new products (recycle).

  • An approach that increasing resource efficiency, and

contributing to sustainable consumption and production, and millennium development goals, etc.

  • An approach to minimise waste to final disposal site

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Waste flow under a conventional waste management

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Waste discards from consumption and production Landfill or incineration Waste discards from consumption and production Reduce Reuse Waste recovery/ intermediate treatment Landfill Incineration

Waste flow under a 3R concept

Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

The 3R contribution to lifecycle material management

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Problems of waste management in most countries

  • The rate of waste generation is increasing greater than capacity of

local governments (skills and budget), especially in developing countries.

  • Increasing social resistance to new landfill and incineration projects.
  • Increasing concerns on environmental impacts including greenhouse

gas emissions and resource depletion.

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The 3Rs can contribute to reducing waste for collection and transport to final disposal site. Lifecycle environmental impacts from the 3Rs is much lower than landfill of unsorted waste. How the 3Rs contribute to sustainable solid waste management?

Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

3Rs implementation in Japan

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

The 3R implementation to establish a sound material cycle society in Japan

  • Introducing series of national laws and action plans
  • Mandatory waste separation at source to facilitating efficient

recycling system

  • Mandatory recycling for some types of products and waste

7 Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Examples of regulation and policy that aligned with the 3Rs and sound material cycle society in Japan

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Basic environment law Fundamental law for establishing a sound material cycle society Waste management and public cleansing law Law for the promotion of effective utilisation of resources Container and packaging recycling law Home appliance recycling law Food recycling law Construction material recycling law Automobile recycling law Law on promoting green purchasing

Full enforcement 4/00 5/01 5/02 1/05 4/01 Full enforcement 8/94 Promulgated in 2001 Promulgated in 1971, last amendment in 2002 Promulgated in 1991, last amendment in 2000

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Changes in MSW generations after introducing the 3Rs

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1987

Source: MOEJ, 2012

15.6% reduction 16.1% reduction

Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Changes in residual lifetime of landfill in Japan

10 164,937 160,347 152,503 144,816 138,259 132,976 130,359 122,015 121,842 116,044

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Residual numbers of years

Residual capacity (thousand m3)

Residual capacity Residual number of years

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Changes in recycling rate of municipal solid waste in Japan

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14.3 15 15.9 16.8 17.6 19.0 19.6 20.3 20.3 20.5

5 10 15 20 25

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Recycling rate (%)

Top recycling rate in 2009 was 80% in Osaki town of Kagoshima Prefecture

Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Changes in cost for MSW management in Japan

Year Total cost (billion JPY )* Cost per head (JPY/person/yr)* Cost per tonne (JPY)* 2000 2,371 (47.4) 19,700 (394) 56,329 (1,127) 2004 1,934 (38.7) 15,200 (304) 36,236 (725) 2008 1,817 (36.3) 14,200 (284) 37,766 (755)

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* Values in (..) are Brazil Real

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

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3R implementation in Thailand (developing country)

Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

3R implementation for establishing a recycling society in Thailand

  • Announce national policy to promote implementation of the 3Rs,

but no legislation

  • Implementation at local level by initiatives of municipalities
  • Promoting community based recycling activities in collaboration

with waste buyers and recycling companies

  • Achieving 23% recycling rate due mainly to recycling business

that operated by private (informal) waste management sectors (waste pickers, waste buyers, recycling company)

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

3R implementation for establishment of recycle society in Phitsanulok, Thailand

  • Based on a voluntary basis
  • Reducing use of plastic bag by using

reusable containers for shopping and carrying food

  • Campaign to encourage residents separate

recyclables for sale

  • Collaborating with waste buyers
  • Promoting household organic waste

composting

  • Implementing a mechanical-biological

treatment (MBT) and segregation of plastic from MBT for pyrolysis (liquid fuel-diesel, gasoline)

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Photo: Suthi Hantrakul

Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Changes in MSW generations after introducing the 3Rs in Phitsanulok, Thailand

142 139 127 82 84 78 80 82 84 84 89 82 76 2.1 10.6 42.3 40.8 45.1 43.7 42.3 40.8 40.8 37.3 42.3 46.5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 % of reduction compared to 1997 Waste for collection service (tonnes/day)

Saving 210,000 USD/yr

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

3R’s contribution to climate change mitigation

Sectors Climate co-benefits Waste

  • Reduced methane emissions from landfill
  • Reduced carbon dioxide emissions from burning of plastics

Energy and transport

  • Reduced emissions from energy use in the process of resource

extraction, agriculture, good production and distribution, and waste transportation and treatment

  • Reduced emissions from fossil fuels by using energy recovered from

waste Industry

  • Reduced emissions from industrial processes by reducing product

demand

  • Reduced emissions from chemical fertilizer production

Agriculture

  • Avoided nitrous oxide emissions from farmland by reducing use of

chemical fertilizer

  • Increased soil carbon sequestration

Land use change and forestry

  • Reduced emissions from mining and deforestation

17 Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

GHG emissions from different waste treatment technologies in Thailand- LCA perspective

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Baseline for mixed waste management is sanitary landfilling of mixed waste without gas recovery. The baseline of organic waste utilisation is sanitary landfilling of organic waste without gas recovery Source: Sang-Arun et al, 2012

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Type of recyclables GHG emissions from recycling1 (A) GHG emissions avoidance from virgin process1 (B) GHG emissions avoidance from sanitary landfill (C) Net emissions from recycling* (D) = (A)-(B)-(C)

(tCO2-eq/tonne of waste)

Paper 1.27 0.97 2.38

  • 2.08

Plastic 2.15 1.90 0.25** Aluminium 0.39 12.47

  • 12.08

Steel 1.10 2.95

  • 1.85

Glass 0.57 1.03

  • 0.46

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Remarks: 1Menikpura, 2011; *Plastic recycling in Japan is more climate friendly than incineration.

GHG emissions from recycling activity in Thailand – LCA perspective

Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Example of GHG emissions from integrated waste management system in Muangklang Municipality

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 36% emissions reduction (LCA)  12% emissions reduction in the waste sector (avoided landfill emissions)

103 1.3 3444

  • 94
  • 619
  • 120

2715

  • 1000
  • 500

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Transportation Front-end separation Sanitary landfill Animal feed Composting Anaerobic digestion Net emissions

GHG emissions (tCO2eq/yr)

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

The 3R policies in developing Asian countries

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  • 3Rs for Improved solid waste management policy

– National 3R strategies, integrated solid waste management – Philippines, Malaysia, Viet Nam, China, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, etc.

  • 3Rs in climate change mitigation action policy
  • Avoiding GHG emission from the waste sector
  • China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, etc

Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Keys to success

  • Strong commitment of the leader and top decision maker
  • Regular public communication and sharing information

including public consultation

  • Begin with small scale and enlarge it later
  • Continuity of the program
  • Participation of all stakeholders (complete cycle/chain)
  • Campaign and public events for mass participation
  • Be Positive! Be creative!

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Janya Sang-Arun IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp BNDES seminar, 14 -16 May 2012, Recife

3Rs in Asia

Conclusion

  • 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) is a sustainable approach that can

contribute to sustainable solid waste management and other global issues such as sustainable consumption and production, resource saving, climate change, poverty reduction, and so on.

  • 3Rs is applicable to any country, however the level of

implementation could be varied depending on the readiness and conditions of each locality.

  • 3Rs is highly relevant with public participation, thus it would take

sometimes for campaign and raising awareness of the locals.

  • 3R implementation could be on a voluntary basis or mandatory

basis depending on suitability of each country or city. In addition, any stakeholders can take initiatives.

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