Thailand’s Experiences on Sanitation Management Ms.Pariyada Chokewinyoo Ms.Neeranuch Arphacharus Bureau of Environmental Health, Department of Health Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
Overview o Evolution of Rural Sanitation Development Program o The private sector assistance & The 100% Sanitation Province Project o Key Success Factors o Challenges o The way forward Knowledge Sharing Forum What works at scale? Distilling critical success factors for scaling-up rural sanitation
1. Evolution of Rural Sanitation Development Program Hookworm Village Health and Rural Sanitation Eradication Project Sanitation Project Development Program • 1918 • 1960 • promoted “Pit Latrine” • promoted sanitary latrine • building sanitary latrine in each house • nation – wide program • community participation • government assistance
Fi Five e Str trat ategie egies s of Rur ural al De Developm elopment ent in th the la e last st tw two deca ecade de 1) Push for Adoption as a National Policy on Sanitation Program 2) Creating Partnerships and Building Alliances 3) Building Capacity 4) Investing in Sanitation 5) Monitoring and Supervision
1) Push for Adoption as a National Policy on Sanitation Program • In 1961, the household latrine coverage was 0.32 %. • The Village Health and Sanitation Project was launched by DoH, MoPH and has been implementing with a concrete operational system. • The sanitation development was included in the First National Development Plan (1961) as well as the following national development plans.
2) Creating Partnerships and Building Alliances Community participation • Transfer of technology for the people and by the people • “Health Development Committee” • approach Multi-sectoral collaboration approach “ The Year for Quality of Life Development Campaign” was a collaborative effort of MoPH, MoAC, MoE, and MoI. Each ministry was assigned to handle a certain aspect of the campaign; MoPH was in charge of sanitation aspect.
Organization of command/cooperation Ministry of Interior Ministry of Public Health Department of Department of Department of Health Local Government the Government Sanitation Regional Center Province/Governor Local Authority Provincial Public Health Office -Municipality District Office /Sheriff -Sub-District office - BMA & Pattaya city District Public Health Office Sub-District council Sub-District Health center Head of Villages 7
3) Building Capacity The important Manpower implementations Sub-district in the target areas health officers Sub-district council Sanitary masons Funds Committee Government’s Health fund for setting Development up “Revolving Committee fund for sanitation”
4) Investing in Sanitation National ional Budget t million llion Sanitation itation Budget t milli llion Year ar (% of San.budge n.budget)* )* 1990 335,000 47.5 (0.01) 1991 387,500 34.0 (0.01) 1992 460,400 47.5 (0.01) 1993 560,000 84.0 (0.02) 1994 625,000 74.6 (0.01) 1995 715,000 152.9 (0.02) 1996 843,200 152.9 (0.02) 1997 984,000 110.0 (0.01) 1998 982,000 94.0 (0.01) 1999 825,000 0.4 (<0.01) * Only DOH’s budget
5) Monitoring and Supervision The technical sanitation support, monitoring and supervision had been provided to health personnel at all levels. The reports were sent from the sub-district, and provincial levels up to the national level. The reports were used for following up on the progress of the program, and providing proper incentives to personnel with outstanding performance.
Sup uper erstruc tructure ture of lat atrin ine In the early years, superstructure of latrines Lather, they were made of more durable and were mainly constructed from local materials. better looking materials, such as concrete
Infrastructure* Cesspool latrine In the early days, cesspool was a single soil pit, lather it was a round cement pit with a ventilation pipe . Lather, it was developed to be the septic-seepage *Septic-seepage pit Latrine pit latrine and double-pit pour-flush latrines for the reason of bio- fertilizer.
2. The e 100% 00% San anit itat ation ion Pr Provin vince ce Pr Proje ject ct & The e pr privat ivate e sec ector or assis istance ce & & - In 1988, the toilet coverage was approximately 58 % of all households nationwide. - The DoH launched the 100% Sanitary Latrine Province Project (1988 – 1999) , under which honorary plaques and gold rings were given to the governors of the provinces that were able to reach the target. - The DoH sought the assistance from the private company (American Standard (Thailand) Co. Ltd.) to sell and deliver good quality but cheap ceramic squatting toilet bowl to PPH Offices across the country. 13
Thailand has achieved a success on the coverage of sanitation in the rural and urban areas. After more than 4 decades of effort with support from USAID, UNICEF, WHO, and private company. By 2000, 98.11% of rural families built and used sanitary latrines.
3. Key Success Factors 1. Strong political commitment , and explicit national policy on sanitation development; 2. Strong government leadership at all levels from national to provincial and locals; 3. Adequate human resources and manpower development at all levels through effective training; 4. Appropriate technology for sustainable development; 5. Efficient and effective financial resources utilization ; 6. Monitoring and Supervision ; 7. Clear responsibility , assigned to a single government agency. Knowledge Sharing Forum What works at scale? Distilling critical success factors for scaling-up rural sanitation
4. Challenges • The coverage of toilets for the population living in remote rural areas, where 0.92% households do not have any toilets and 0.14% households use unhygienic pit latrines. • Unsanitary fecal sludge treatment. Only 40% of local government have sanitary fecal treatment system. Knowledge Sharing Forum What works at scale? Distilling critical success factors for scaling-up rural sanitation
There are toilet pit-emptying services removing the digested human excreta from households and discarding it at public places such as farm land or a solid waste open dumping site. A survey conducted by the DoH found that the amount of human excreta discharged without treatment is approximately 17.3 million tons/ year. Human excreta discharged without treatment is approximately 17.3 million tons/year.
6. The way forward 6.1 To promote sanitary toilets for the population living in remote rural areas through community participation; 6.2 To increase the coverage of healthy public toilets that meet Health, Accessibility, Safety Standard nationwide; 6.3 To promote hygienic behavior of people in using public toilets; 6.4 To promote the local government to construct the fecal sludge treatment plants , to operate and maintain the treatment system effectively. Knowledge Sharing Forum What works at scale? Distilling critical success factors for scaling-up rural sanitation
Healthy Public Toilets Project To promote sanitary public toilets in 12 public places to meet the Healthiness, Accessibility and Safety (HAS) toilet standards.
Fecal sludge treatment plant
THANKS pariyada.c@anamai.mail.go.th a.neeranuch@gmail.com
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