T TT T TR R RI I I T Day 2 – Overall Theme T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive • Location, Location, Location • What is a good location? – Good location is relative and is created by the interaction of people, place and economy/economics • Can locations be created? – Yes, but only if the pre-conditions are there - also influenced by people, place and economy. No, if these do not exist or cannot be created - this happens a lot • If so, how do we 'make' a good location? – If the pre-conditions exist, good location can be created by reinforcing the elements such as better linkages, better circulation of income, income mix, greater thresholds and improved catchments through agglomeration of activity and points of accessibility (nodes). Physical attributes both man-made and natural also create 'locations‘ or 'places'.
T TT T TR R RI I I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Elements of location • Physical features • People in the location influence its potentials – Man-made • Buildings – Number of people • Roads – Travel and movement patterns • Trees / landscaping • etc – Organisation – Natural – Cultural and social interests and influences • Mountains • Rivers • Views • etc • Economic Dimensions • Geographic / Place / Scales – Consumption and production patterns – Global – Income levels – Regional – Skills and income producing abilities – Local – Features of economic location are relative to – Site specific (e.g.) • Industry • Recreation • Residential • Agriculture • Etc
T TT T TR R RI I I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Threshold, range and catchment • Threshold – Number of people that will sustain an economic activity given their income and purchasing habits/patterns • Range – The maximum distance people will travel / are prepared to travel to purchase a good or service. • Catchment – The actual number of people purchasing goods and/or services from an outlet - usually located between the threshold (minimum) and range (maximum) • Order of good or service – The pulling power of a good or service is determined by how far people are prepared to travel in order to purchase it. The further they are prepared to travel - the greater the range and (generally) higher the order of the good or service – Generally, people will find the nearest / closest place to buy bread or milk. This is a lower order good with a low range. Generally, people are prepared to travel greater distances to see a specialist doctor or buy expensive household items. These are higher order goods and services.
T TT T TR R RI I I T Range, Threshold and T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive catchment - examples • Bread is considered a lower order good. People are not prepared to travel for miles just to buy bread. The catchment area for someone selling bread is low. On the other hand people buy bread frequently (daily) and so a fairly low number of people can sustain someone selling bread or fruit. The threshold to sustain someone selling bread or fruit is low. • A Fridge is considered a medium order good. People will be prepared to travel to a known outlet in order to make this expensive purchase. The range area for someone selling fridges is higher than for bread. On the other hand, people may only buy a fridge a few times in their lifetimes. The threshold to sustain someone selling fridges is much higher than for bread. Fridges are higher order goods • People in business can increase their catchment by good marketing, by becoming known as the 'best' or through personal connections / services. If you really like the bread of a certain shop, you might be prepared to take a slightly longer route home in order to buy bread from that shop. If you know the person selling fridges you might travel further to that shop because you'll get a better deal.
T TT T TR R RI I I T Central Place Theory T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive • CPT - offers good concepts - but many factors impact on range, threshold and catchment to produce a variety of different settlement orders. It is these factors which, when understood, enable the planner and economist to intervene to improve the locational advantages of an area. Examples include: – Average transportation costs per purchase are lowered by multipurpose shopping trips – The consumer might find it desirable to shop at multiple locations on a single trip – Not only population but demographic characteristics, socioeconomic structure, potential expenditures, and shopping behaviour are the most important factors to explain spatial clustering – Although a major tenet of central place theory was that producers tend to locate as far as possible from competitors, firms may recognise the advantages of agglomeration and the benefit of centrality that result from adjacent location (car sales being an obvious example) – The development of central places depends on factors such as transport costs, expenditure shares for relevant goods and the cost characteristics of stores – Retail business interdependencies exist and minimum demand threshold values for various retail sectors are sensitive to the presence or absence of other types of firms
T TT T TR R RI I I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Day 2 Physical intervention framework at the macro (city and ‘regional’) scale Matthew Cullinan 30 October 2007
T TT T TR R RI I I T PLANNING FRAMEWORK UNDERPINNING MACRO SCALE PHYSICAL INTERVENTION IN TOWNSHIPS T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive CONTENT 1. FRAMING THE ISSUE – Condition of spatial marginalisation – Apartheid and spatial/economic marginalisation – Recent policy directions in SA 2. MACRO SCALE FRAME OF REFENCE TO INFORM PHYSICAL INTERVENTION IN TOWNSHIPS – “Planning context” – Macro-scale locational attributes – “Planning idea” – Investment route – Corridor – “Planning idea” and “context” as investment decision making informants 3. QUALIFICATIONS – Planning and physical intervention – Considering spatial scale – Considering time and urban development processes – Type of investment targets
T TT T TR R RI I I T 1. FRAMING THE ISSUE T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive
T TT T TR R RI I I T Common condition of spatial marginalisation T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Inequality (prosperity/stagnation/decline) between areas is feature of all regions and settlements, but despite the pull of prosperity, many people continue to live in economically marginalised areas - how does public policy respond to this dichotomy? • Spatial polarisation and divergent impact of economic forces is expressed at a range of spatial scales from global to local area • Developmental thinking and practice over many decades has been concerned with how to ensure more equitable levels of development between core and periphery
T TT T TR R RI I I T Apartheid and spatial / economic marginalisation in South Africa T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Apartheid has led to distortions in settlement patterns at the regional and settlement scale. Areas with strong concentrations of poverty are in many cases trapped in space away from areas of economic opportunity • Economic activity is concentrated in the metropolitan areas and main towns Blacks spatially marginalised by apartheid policies and poor location and lack of investment led to creation of dysfunctional settlement systems
T TT T TR R RI I I T Recent policy directions in SA: township development T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive The post 1994 redistributive focus of public policy has been supplemented by an increased focus on economic growth and development. A particular emphasis has been placed the public sector’s role in providing a lever to private investment in townships as evidenced by the URP and ISRDP. • Basic service provision • Increasingly a focus is being placed on and housing has and economic growth and development in township continues to be a strong areas focus in many township • Levering private investment as part of areas township CBD development has been a planning focus • The ISRDP and URP aim to conduct a sustained campaign against rural and urban poverty and underdevelopment • Eight township nodes have been identified under the URP
T TT T TR R RI I I T 2. MACRO SCALE FRAME OF REFENCE TO INFORM PHYSICAL T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive INTERVENTION IN TOWNSHIPS
T TT T TR R RI I I T PLANNING CONTEXT: MACRO SCALE LOCATIONAL ATTRIBUTES T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Not all townships have the same locational attributes, but vary widely in terms of socio-economic profile, accessibility and access to markets, infrastructure provision, natural resources and human capital. These factors impact on the prospects for economic growth and development.
T TT T TR R RI I I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive
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