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❙❛❣❡ ❞❛②s ✶✵✱ ◆❛♥❝②✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❲❡✐❧✱ ❚❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❆t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s ✉s✐♥❣ ❙❛❣❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ◆❛❞✐❛ ❊▲ ▼❘❆❇❊❚ ▲■❘▼▼✱ ■✸▼✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐té ▼♦♥t♣❡❧❧✐❡r ✷ ❙❛t✉r❞❛② ✶✶t❤ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✽

❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ✷✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ✸✳ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣

❲❤❛t ✐s ❛ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ❄ Pr♦♣❡rt✐❡s ▲❡t ● ✶ ✱ ● ✷ ❛♥❞ ● ✸ ❜❡ t❤r❡❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♦r❞❡r r ✳ ❆ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ✐s ❛ ♠❛♣ ✿ ❡ : ● ✶ × ● ✷ → ● ✸ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✈❡r✐✜❡s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✿ • ◆♦♥ ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ❀ ⋄ ∀ P ∈ ● ✶ { ✵ }∃ ◗ ∈ ● ✷ / ❡ ( P , ◗ ) � = ✶ ⋄ ∀ ◗ ∈ ● ✷ { ✵ }∃ P ∈ ● ✶ / ❡ ( P , ◗ ) � = ✶ • ❇✐❧✐♥❡❛r✐t② ✿ ∀ P , P ′ ∈ ● ✶ , ∀ ◗ , ◗ ′ ∈ ● ✷ ⋄ ❡ ( P + P ′ , ◗ ) = ❡ ( P , ◗ ) . ❡ ( P ′ , ◗ ) ⋄ ❡ ( P , ◗ + ◗ ′ ) = ❡ ( P , ◗ ) . ❡ ( P , ◗ ′ )

❲❤❛t ✐s ❛ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ❄ Pr♦♣❡rt✐❡s ▲❡t ● ✶ ✱ ● ✷ ❛♥❞ ● ✸ ❜❡ t❤r❡❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♦r❞❡r r ✳ ❆ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ✐s ❛ ♠❛♣ ✿ ❡ : ● ✶ × ● ✷ → ● ✸ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✈❡r✐✜❡s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✿ • ◆♦♥ ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ❀ • ❇✐❧✐♥❡❛r✐t② ❀ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ∀ ❥ ∈ N , ❡ ([ ❥ ] P , ◗ ) = ❡ ( P , ◗ ) ❥ = ❡ ( P , [ ❥ ] ◗ )

❊❧❧✐♣t✐❝ ❈✉r✈❡ ❈r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s P❛rt ✶ ✲ ❈r②♣t❛♥❛❧②s❡ ❚❤❡ ▼❖❱✴❋r❡② ❘ü❝❦ ❛tt❛❝❦ ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ❉▲P ♦♥ ❡❧❧✐♣t✐❝ ❝✉r✈❡s ✐♥ ✶✾✾✸✱ ✶✾✾✹ ✿ ✉s✐♥❣ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s✱ t❤❡ ❉▲P ♦♥ ❡❧❧✐♣t✐❝ ❝✉r✈❡s ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❛ ❉▲P ♦♥ ✜♥✐t❡ ✜❡❧❞✳ • ●✐✈❡♥ P ❛♥❞ ◗ = α P ∈ ❊ ( F q ) ✱ t❤❡ ❉▲P ♦♥ ❊ ( F q ) ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ α ✳ • ▲❡t ❙ ∈ ❊ ( F q ) ❜❡ ❛ ♣♦✐♥t s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ❡ ( P , ❙ ) � = ✶✱ ❧❡t ❡ ( P , ❙ ) = ❣ ❛♥❞ ❡ ( ◗ , ❙ ) = ❤ ∈ ❊ ( F q ) ✱ t❤❡♥ • t❤❡ ❉▲P ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ✜♥❞✐♥❣ α s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ❤ = ❣ α ✐♥ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ✜❡❧❞✳

❊❧❧✐♣t✐❝ ❈✉r✈❡ ❈r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s P❛rt ✷ ✲ ❈r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② P❛✐r✐♥❣s ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦✈❡❧ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❛♥❞ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ • ❚❤❡ tr✐ ♣❛rt✐t❡ ❉✐✣❡ ❍❡❧❧♠❛♥ ❦❡② ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❏♦✉① ✷✵✵✶✮ • ❚❤❡ ■❞❡♥t✐t② ❇❛s❡❞ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭❇♦♥❡❤ ❛♥❞ ❋r❛♥❦❧✐♥ ✷✵✵✶✮ • ❙❤♦rt s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ s❝❤❡♠❡ ✭❇♦♥❡❤✱ ▲②♥♥✱ ❙❝❤❛❝❦❛♠♠ ✷✵✵✶✮ • ●r♦✉♣ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡s s❝❤❡♠❡s ✭❇♦♥❡❤✱ ❙❝❤❛❝❦❛♠♠✱ ✷✵✵✹✮

❊❧❧✐♣t✐❝ ❈✉r✈❡ ❈r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s P❛✐r✐♥❣s ✉s❡❞ ❋♦✉r ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s ❛r❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✿ • t❤❡ ❲❡✐❧ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣✱ • t❤❡ ❚❛t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣✱ • t❤❡ η ❚ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣✱ • t❤❡ ❆t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣✳ ■ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥❧② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ▼✐❧❧❡r ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❢ r , P ✐s ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ st❡♣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❲❡✐❧✱ ❚❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❆t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s✳

❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s ❉❛t❛ ❚♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣✱ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✿ • ❊ ❛♥ ❡❧❧✐♣t✐❝ ❝✉r✈❡ ♦✈❡r F q ✿ ❊ : ② ✷ = ① ✸ + ❛① + ❜ ✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❛ ✱ ❜ ∈ F q ✳ • r ❛ ♣r✐♠❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❝❛r❞ ( ❊ ( F q )) ✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❊ [ r ] ✿ ❊ [ r ] = { P ∈ ❊ ( F q ) , [ r ] P = P ∞ } ✳ • ❚❤❡ ❡♠❜❡❞❞✐♥❣ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❦ ✿ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ✐♥t❡❣❡r s✉❝❤ t❤❛t r | ( q ❦ − ✶ ) ✿ ■❢ ❣❝❞ ( r , q ) = ✶✱ t❤❡♥ ❊ [ r ] ∼ = Z / r Z × Z / r Z ✱ ■❢ ❦ > ✶ t❤❡♥ ❊ [ r ] = ❊ ( F q ❦ )[ r ] ✳ • ❆ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❢ r , P ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❧❛t❡❧②✳

❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s ❚❤❡ ❲❡✐❧ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ▲❡t P ∈ ❊ [ r ] ❛♥❞ ◗ ∈ ❊ [ r ] ❚❤❡ ❲❡✐❧ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❡ ❜✐❧✐♥❡❛r ♠❛♣ ✿ ❡ ❲ : ❊ [ r ] × ❊ [ r ] → F ∗ q ❦ ( P , ◗ ) → ❢ r , P ( ◗ ) ❢ r , ◗ ( P )

❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s ❚❤❡ ❚❛t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ▲❡t P ∈ ❊ ( F q )[ r ] ✱ ◗ ∈ ❊ ( F q ❦ ) / r❊ ( F q ❦ ) ❛♥❞ ❦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❡♠❜❡❞❞✐♥❣ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❧❧✐♣t✐❝ ❝✉r✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❚❛t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❡ ❜✐❧✐♥❡❛r ♠❛♣ ✿ ❡ ❚ : ❊ ( F q )[ r ] × ❊ ( F q ❦ ) / r❊ ( F q ❦ ) → F ∗ q ❦ q❦ − ✶ ( P , ◗ ) → ❢ r , P ( ◗ ) r

❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s ❚❤❡ ❆t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ❚❤❡ ❆t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❡ ❧❛t❡st ♦♣t✐♠✐s❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❛t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣✳ ■t ✐s ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ❆t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ❡❛ts t❤❡ ❚ ✐♥ ❚❛t❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡s ✐t ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧❡ss ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ▲❡t π q ❜❡ t❤❡ ❋r♦❜❡♥✐✉s ♠❛♣ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❡❧❧✐♣t✐❝ ❝✉r✈❡ ✿ π q ([ ① , ② ]) = [ ① q , ② q ] t ❞❡♥♦t❡s t❤❡ tr❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋r♦❜❡♥✐✉s ♦✈❡r ❊ ( F q ) ❛♥❞ ❚ = t − ✶✳

❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s ❚❤❡ ❆t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ▲❡t P ∈ ❊ [ r ] ∩ ❑❡r ( π q − [ ✶ ]) ❛♥❞ ◗ ∈ ❊ [ r ] ∩ ❑❡r ( π q − [ q ]) ✱ ✐✳❡✳ ◗ ✈❡r✐❢②✐♥❣ π q ( ◗ ) = [ q ] ◗ ✳ ❚❤❡ ❆t❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❡ ❜✐❧✐♥❡❛r ♠❛♣ ✿ ❡ ❆ : ❊ [ r ] ∩ ❑❡r ( π q − [ ✶ ]) × ❊ [ r ] ∩ ❑❡r ( π q − [ q ]) → F ∗ q ❦ q❦ − ✶ ( P , ◗ ) → ❢ ❚ , P ( ◗ ) r

▼✐❧❧❡r ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❚❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❢ r , P ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣s✱ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❢ r , P ✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt② ♦❢ t❤✐s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❛t ✿ ❉✐✈ ( ❢ r , P ) = r❉✐✈ ( P ) − r❉✐✈ ( P ∞ ) ❱✐❝t♦r ▼✐❧❧❡r ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t❤❡ ▼✐❧❧❡r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✿ ❢ ✐ + ❥ , P = ❢ ✐ , P × ❢ ❥ , P × ❧ [ ✐ ] P , [ ❥ ] P ✈ [ ✐ + ❥ ] P ✇❤❡r❡ ❧ [ ✐ ] P +[ ❥ ] P ✐s t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ ❥♦✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥ts [ ✐ ] P ❛♥❞ [ ❥ ] P ✱ ❛♥❞ ✈ [ ✐ + ❥ ] P ✐s t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❧✐♥❡ ♣❛ss✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♣♦✐♥t [ ✐ + ❥ ] P ✳

▼✐❧❧❡r ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ❲❡ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❢ ✼ , P ✿ • ✼ ❂ ✻ ✰ ✶ ❧ [ ✻ ] P , P • ❢ ✼ , P = ❢ ✻ , P × ❢ ✶ , P × ✈ [ ✼ ] P ❢ ✶ , P = ✶ ❧ [ ✻ ] P , P ❢ ✼ , P = ❢ ✻ , P × ✈ [ ✼ ] P ❧ [ ✸ ] P , [ ✸ ] P • ❢ ✻ , P = ❢ ✸ , P × ❢ ✸ , P × ✈ [ ✻ ] P ✇❤❡♥ ✐ = ❥ ✱ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ ❧ ✐s t❤❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t ❛t ♣♦✐♥t [ ✐ ] P ❧ [ ✸ ] P , [ ✸ ] P • ❢ ✻ , P = ❢ ✷ ✸ , P × ✈ [ ✻ ] P ❧ [ ✸ ] P , [ ✸ ] P ❧ [ ✻ ] P , P ❢ ✼ , P = ❢ ✷ ✸ , P × × ✈ [ ✻ ] P ✈ [ ✼ ] P