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❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✐♥ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ◆▲❖❙ ❙❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ✷✵✶✹ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❯❧tr❛✲❲✐❞❡❇❛♥❞ ✭■❈❯❲❇✮ P❛r✐s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❚❤♦rst❡♥ ❲❡❤s✱ ●❡r❞ ✈♦♥ ❈ö❧❧♥✱ ❈❛rst❡♥ ❑♦❝❤✱ ❚✐❧♠❛♥ ▲❡✉♥❡ ❍♦❝❤s❝❤✉❧❡ ❊♠❞❡♥✴▲❡❡r✱ ●❡r♠❛♥② ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❊♠❛✐❧✿ ④t❤♦rst❡♥✳✇❡❤s✱❣❡r❞✳✈♦♥✳❝♦❡❧❧♥✱ ❝❛rst❡♥✳❦♦❝❤✱ t✐❧♠❛♥✳❧❡✉♥❡⑥❅❤s✲❡♠❞❡♥✲❧❡❡r✳❞❡ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ◮ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ ◮ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ◮ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ◮ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ◮ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ✭❛✮ ▲♦✇❡r ❙❛①♦♥② ✭❜✮ ❊❘❉❋ ❋✐❣✉r❡✿ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❢✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✷✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ◮ ✐♥❞♦♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♥❡①t ❜✐❣ t❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♥❛✈✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ◮ ■❘✲❯❲❇ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s ❤✐❣❤ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❚♦❋ ✭t✐♠❡✲♦❢✲✢✐❣❤t✮ r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ◮ ❜♦tt❧❡♥❡❝❦s ❛r❡ ◆▲❖❙ ✭♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡✲♦❢✲s✐❣❤t✮ ❡✛❡❝ts ✭❝❢✳ ❬✺❪✮ ◮ ❡♥s✉r✐♥❣ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ▲❖❙ ✭❧✐♥❡✲♦❢✲s✐❣❤t✮ ❧✐♥❦s ♦❢t❡♥ ♥♦t ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ◮ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ◆▲❖❙ ❝❛s❡✿ ♣❡♥❡tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✭t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r② ✐♥❞♦♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛❧❧s✮ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ◮ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣✉❧s❡ s❤❛♣❡ ✭❝❢✳ ❬✹❪✮ ◮ ❛tt❡♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❡♥❡r❣② ◮ ❜✐❛s ✐♥ r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ✭❝❢✳ ❬✷✱ ✶❪✮ ❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✸✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ P✉❧s❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ◮ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡✴❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s❤✐❢t ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s ◮ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ♣✉❧s❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ◮ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ❧❡ss ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ t❤❛♥ ♣❤❛s❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ◮ ✐❞❡❛✿ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠s ♦❢t❡♥ ♦✉t♣❡r❢♦r♠s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ✐♥ r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ◮ str♦♥❣ ❛tt❡♥✉❛t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ❧♦✇ ❙◆❘ ◮ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜rst r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ♣✉❧s❡ ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✭❝❢✳ ❬✸❪✮ ◮ ❞❡t❡❝t s❡r✈❡r❛❧ s❛♠♣❧❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❯❲❇ ♣✉❧s❡ ❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✹✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✿ ✭✶✮ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣✉❧s❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❢♦r ❛ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦r ✭✷✮ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ q✉❛❧✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣✉❧s❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✺✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t | ❋ | ✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ P✉❧s❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ | ❋ | ✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ◮ ❝♦r❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✿ s❤♦rt✲t✐♠❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r received/ synthetic tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ ✭❙❚❋❚✮ ♦♥ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ s✐❣♥❛❧ waveform ◮ ❙❚❋❚ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✇✐♥❞♦✇ s✐③❡s ✭r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❧❡❛❦❛❣❡ ❡✛❡❝ts✮ n r * short-time Fourier ◮ ❡✳ ❣✳ n r = 3 ✿ transform (STFT) ④✶✱ ✶✳✺✱ ✶✳✼⑥ · ♣✉❧s❡ ✇✐❞t❤ ◮ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ s♣❡❝tr♦❣r❛♠s S n r ✿ n r * amplitude transmitted S n r [ i, k ] = | X [ i, k ] | 2 spectrogram pulse ◮ ❝♦❧✉♠♥✲✇✐s❡ P❡❛rs♦♥ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ n r * column-wise ✇✐t❤ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ♦❢ ♣✉❧s❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡✿ correlation of amplitude spectrum amplitude spectrogram ρ fS [ i ] = and spectrum � > 0 ♣❝❝ ( C i , a s ) ♣❝❝ ( C i , a s ) find local maxima ≤ 0 0 mean value of n r above defined possible pulse samples correlations threshold ❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✻✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t | ❋ | ✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ P✉❧s❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ | ❋ | ✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ◮ ♠❛tr✐① ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡s✿ received/ synthetic waveform ρfM [ i, u ] = ρfS 1 [1] ρfS 1 [2] . . . ρfS 1 [ ns ]   ρfS 2 [1] ρfS 2 [2] . . . ρfS 2 [ ns ]     n r * short-time Fourier  ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳    ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ transform (STFT)   ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳     ρfSnr [1] ρfSnr [2] . . . ρfSnr [ ns ] ◮ ❝♦❧✉♠♥✲✇✐s❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✿ n r * amplitude transmitted ρ fA [ i ] = R i spectrogram pulse ◮ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠❛①✐♠❛✿ Z [ i ] = n r * column-wise correlation of amplitude spectrum  amplitude spectrogram < 0 ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ and spectrum   ′ ] ′ s❣♥ [ ρ fA = 0 ♦t❤❡r ❢❝t✳ ✈❛❧✉❡  find local maxima > 0 ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠  mean value of n r above defined possible pulse samples correlations threshold ❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✼✴✶✺