tt strt Pss - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✐♥ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ◆▲❖❙ ❙❝❡♥❛r✐♦s

✷✵✶✹ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❯❧tr❛✲❲✐❞❡❇❛♥❞ ✭■❈❯❲❇✮ P❛r✐s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❚❤♦rst❡♥ ❲❡❤s✱ ●❡r❞ ✈♦♥ ❈ö❧❧♥✱ ❈❛rst❡♥ ❑♦❝❤✱ ❚✐❧♠❛♥ ▲❡✉♥❡

❍♦❝❤s❝❤✉❧❡ ❊♠❞❡♥✴▲❡❡r✱ ●❡r♠❛♥② ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❊♠❛✐❧✿ ④t❤♦rst❡♥✳✇❡❤s✱❣❡r❞✳✈♦♥✳❝♦❡❧❧♥✱ ❝❛rst❡♥✳❦♦❝❤✱ t✐❧♠❛♥✳❧❡✉♥❡⑥❅❤s✲❡♠❞❡♥✲❧❡❡r✳❞❡

✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠

❖✉t❧✐♥❡

❖✉t❧✐♥❡

◮ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ ◮ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ◮ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ◮ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ◮ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦

✭❛✮ ▲♦✇❡r ❙❛①♦♥② ✭❜✮ ❊❘❉❋ ❋✐❣✉r❡✿ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❢✉♥❞✐♥❣

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✷✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥

◮ ✐♥❞♦♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♥❡①t ❜✐❣ t❤✐♥❣ ✐♥

♥❛✈✐❣❛t✐♦♥

◮ ■❘✲❯❲❇ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s ❤✐❣❤ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❚♦❋

✭t✐♠❡✲♦❢✲✢✐❣❤t✮ r❛♥❣✐♥❣

◮ ❜♦tt❧❡♥❡❝❦s ❛r❡ ◆▲❖❙

✭♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡✲♦❢✲s✐❣❤t✮ ❡✛❡❝ts ✭❝❢✳ ❬✺❪✮

◮ ❡♥s✉r✐♥❣ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ▲❖❙ ✭❧✐♥❡✲♦❢✲s✐❣❤t✮

❧✐♥❦s ♦❢t❡♥ ♥♦t ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡

◮ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ◆▲❖❙ ❝❛s❡✿

♣❡♥❡tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✭t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ✇❛❧❧s✮

◮ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣✉❧s❡ s❤❛♣❡ ✭❝❢✳ ❬✹❪✮ ◮ ❛tt❡♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❡♥❡r❣② ◮ ❜✐❛s ✐♥ r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ✭❝❢✳ ❬✷✱ ✶❪✮

❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r② ✐♥❞♦♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✸✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠

Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮

P✉❧s❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❞♦♠❛✐♥

◮ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡✴❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s❤✐❢t ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s ◮ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ♣✉❧s❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ◮ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ❧❡ss ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ t❤❛♥ ♣❤❛s❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ◮ ✐❞❡❛✿ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠s ♦❢t❡♥ ♦✉t♣❡r❢♦r♠s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥

t✐♠❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥

❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ✐♥ r❛♥❣✐♥❣

◮ str♦♥❣ ❛tt❡♥✉❛t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ❧♦✇ ❙◆❘ ◮ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜rst r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ♣✉❧s❡ ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✭❝❢✳ ❬✸❪✮ ◮ ❞❡t❡❝t s❡r✈❡r❛❧ s❛♠♣❧❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❯❲❇ ♣✉❧s❡

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✹✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✭s✮ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠

❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠

❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✿ ✭✶✮ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣✉❧s❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❢♦r ❛ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦r ✭✷✮ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ q✉❛❧✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣✉❧s❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✺✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ |❋|✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥

P✉❧s❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ |❋|✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥

❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❞❡t❛✐❧s

◮ ❝♦r❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✿ s❤♦rt✲t✐♠❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r

tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ ✭❙❚❋❚✮ ♦♥ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ s✐❣♥❛❧

◮ ❙❚❋❚ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✇✐♥❞♦✇ s✐③❡s

✭r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❧❡❛❦❛❣❡ ❡✛❡❝ts✮

◮ ❡✳ ❣✳ nr = 3✿

④✶✱ ✶✳✺✱ ✶✳✼⑥ · ♣✉❧s❡ ✇✐❞t❤

◮ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ s♣❡❝tr♦❣r❛♠s Snr✿

Snr[i, k] = |X[i, k]|2

◮ ❝♦❧✉♠♥✲✇✐s❡ P❡❛rs♦♥ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥

✇✐t❤ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ♦❢ ♣✉❧s❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡✿ ρfS[i] = ♣❝❝(Ci, as)

• > 0

♣❝❝(Ci, as) ≤ 0

nr * short-time Fourier transform (STFT) find local maxima above defined threshold possible pulse samples transmitted pulse amplitude spectrum nr * amplitude spectrogram nr * column-wise correlation of amplitude spectrogram and spectrum mean value of nr correlations received/ synthetic waveform

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✻✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ |❋|✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥

P✉❧s❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ |❋|✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥

❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❞❡t❛✐❧s

◮ ♠❛tr✐① ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡s✿

ρfM [i, u] =         ρfS1 [1] ρfS1 [2] . . . ρfS1 [ns] ρfS2 [1] ρfS2 [2] . . . ρfS2 [ns] ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ρfSnr [1] ρfSnr [2] . . . ρfSnr [ns]        

◮ ❝♦❧✉♠♥✲✇✐s❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✿

ρfA[i] = Ri

◮ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠❛①✐♠❛✿

Z[i] = s❣♥[ρfA

′]′

     < 0 ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ = 0 ♦t❤❡r ❢❝t✳ ✈❛❧✉❡ > 0 ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠

nr * short-time Fourier transform (STFT) find local maxima above defined threshold possible pulse samples transmitted pulse amplitude spectrum nr * amplitude spectrogram nr * column-wise correlation of amplitude spectrogram and spectrum mean value of nr correlations received/ synthetic waveform

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✼✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs P✉❧s❡ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❊①❡♠♣❧❛r② ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ r❡s✉❧ts

❉✐❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs

❊①❡♠♣❧❛r② ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✿ ❜r✐❝❦

◮ ❞✐❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ◮ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❢r♦♠ 2 ●❍③ t♦ 11 ●❍③ ◮ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❏✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✹❪ ◮ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ◮ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥

◮ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ◮ ♣❤❛s❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 x 10

9

1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 frequency [Hz] dielectric constant 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 x 10

9

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 frequency [Hz] loss tangent

❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❞✐❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❜r✐❝❦

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✽✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs P✉❧s❡ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❊①❡♠♣❧❛r② ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ r❡s✉❧ts

P✉❧s❡ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ✇❛❧❧ ♦❢ ❜r✐❝❦

◮ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣✉❧s❡ ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥

❛♥❞ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠

◮ ✇❛❧❧ ♦❢ ❜r✐❝❦ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ 5 ❝♠

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x 10

9

0.5 1 magnitude (standardized) frequency [Hz] transmitted pulse (template) distorted pulse (5 cm brick) 0.5 1 1.5 x 10

−9

−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 time [s] magnitude (standardized) transmitted pulse (template) distorted pulse (5 cm brick)

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✾✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs P✉❧s❡ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❊①❡♠♣❧❛r② ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ r❡s✉❧ts

❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ♦✈❡r ✇❛❧❧ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss

◮ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✿ ❜r✐❝❦ ◮ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss✿ 0 ❝♠ t♦ 25 ❝♠ ◮ t✐♠❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✿

❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❞❡❝❛②✐♥❣ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t

◮ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠✿

❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❞❡❝❛②✐♥❣ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t

5 10 15 20 25 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 thickness of slab (brick) [cm] Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) time based frequency based (amplitude)

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✶✵✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs P✉❧s❡ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❊①❡♠♣❧❛r② ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ r❡s✉❧ts

❘❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✭❡①❡♠♣❧❛r②✮

◮ 5 ❝♠ ✇❛❧❧ ♦❢ ❜r✐❝❦ ◮ ❣r♦✉♥❞ tr✉t❤ ♦❢ ❞✐st♦rt❡❞

♣✉❧s❡✿ t = −25.02 ♥s

◮ ❙◆❘✿ −11.67 ❞❇ ◮ r❡❞ ♠❛r❦❡r✿ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s

|❋|✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥

◮ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❦❡r✿ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s

t✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭♠❛t❝❤❡❞ ✜❧t❡r✮

−2.6 −2.58 −2.56 −2.54 −2.52 −2.5 −2.48 −2.46 −2.44 −2.42 −2.4 x 10

−8

1 time [s] magnitudes (standardized) and correlation coefficient −2.6 −2.58 −2.56 −2.54 −2.52 −2.5 −2.48 −2.46 −2.44 −2.42 −2.4 x 10

−8

X: −2.502e−008 Y: −11.67

waveform w/ AWGN waveform w/o AWGN distance candidates |F| correlation correlation coefficient (|F|) distance candidates correlation time domain

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✶✶✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❙◆❘✮

P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❙◆❘✮

P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

◮ q✉❛❧✐t② ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥✿ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ ❝❧♦s❡st ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ t♦ ❣r♦✉♥❞ tr✉t❤

◮ ❙◆❘ r❛♥❣❡✿

−34 ❞❇ t♦ −6 ❞❇

◮ ❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✐♥

t❤✐s t❡st ❝❛s❡ ✭❜r✐❝❦✱ 5 ❝♠✱ ❙◆❘ r❛♥❣❡✮ ✐s 37 %

◮ ♠❡❛♥s✿ ✇✐t❤ s❛♠❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r

♦❢ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s✱ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❜② 37 % ✭❛✈❡r❛❣❡✮

−35 −30 −25 −20 −15 −10 −5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 SNR (2dB class width) [dB] Deviation from true position of pulses [samples] based on t−correlation (median) based on |F|−correlation (median) based on t−correlation (mean) based on |F|−correlation (mean) ❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✶✷✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✭✇❛❧❧ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss✮

❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦

❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r ✇❛s t♦ ❞❡♣✐❝t ❛ ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐st♦rt❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇ ❙◆❘ ♣✉❧s❡s ✐♥ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❞♦♠❛✐♥ t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ✐♥❞♦♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳

❙✉♠♠❛r②

◮ ❯❲❇ ♣✉❧s❡s ♦❢t❡♥ str♦♥❣❧②

❞✐st♦rt❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛tt❡♥✉❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ✐♥❞♦♦r ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts

◮ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ r❡❞✉❝❡s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥

t✐♠❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥

◮ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠s

✐♥st❡❛❞ ❝❛♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤✐s

◮ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t s❤♦✇s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✉♣

t♦ 37 %

❖✉t❧♦♦❦

◮ ❛♥❛❧②s❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❛♥❣❧❡ ♦❢

✐♥❝✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❛❧❧

◮ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤

◮ ♦t❤❡r ♣✉❧s❡ s❤❛♣❡s ◮ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s

◮ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛❧✐t② ❝r✐t❡r✐❛ ◮ r✉♥t✐♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✶✸✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✭✇❛❧❧ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss✮

▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡

❬✶❪ ❈❤❡♥ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❉✐♥❣ ❍♦♥❣✱ ❍✉❛♥❣ ❳✐❛♦t❛♦✱ ▲✐ ❳✐❛♥❣②❛♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❨✉❛♥ ❏✐❜✐♥❣✳ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤✲✇❛❧❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❯❲❇ s❡♥s♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ■♥ ❯❧tr❛✲❲✐❞❡❜❛♥❞ ✭■❈❯❲❇✮✱ ✷✵✶✷ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✽✹✕✷✽✼✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✷❪ ❉✳ ❉❛r❞❛r✐✱ ❆✳ ❈♦♥t✐✱ ❯✳ ❋❡r♥❡r✱ ❆✳ ●✐♦r❣❡tt✐✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳❩ ❲✐♥✳ ❘❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❲✐t❤ ❯❧tr❛✇✐❞❡ ❇❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❙✐❣♥❛❧s ✐♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❛t❤ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❊❊❊✱ ✾✼✭✷✮✿✹✵✹✕✹✷✻✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✸❪ ❙❤❡♥ ●✉♦✇❡✐✱ ❘✳ ❩❡t✐❦✱ ❨❛♥ ❍♦♥❣❤✉✐✱ ❖✳ ❍✐rs❝❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳❙ ❚❤♦♠❛✳ ❚✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❛rr✐✈❛❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r r❛♥❣❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❯❲❇ s❡♥s♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■♥ ❯❧tr❛✲❲✐❞❡❜❛♥❞ ✭■❈❯❲❇✮✱ ✷✵✶✵ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✕✹✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❬✹❪ ▼❡♥❣ ❏✐♥❣✱ ❨✉ ❩❤❛♥❣ ◗✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❚♦♥❣ ❩❤❛♥❣ ◆❛✐✳ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ■❘✲❯❲❇ ✇❛✈❡❢♦r♠ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ♦♥ ◆▲❖❙ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥ ❯❧tr❛✲❲✐❞❡❜❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ■❈❯❲❇ ✷✵✵✾✳ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✷✸✕✶✷✽✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✺❪ ▼❛r❛♥ò✱ ❙✳✱ ❲✳▼ ●✐✛♦r❞✱ ❍✳ ❲②♠❡❡rs❝❤✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳❩ ❲✐♥✳ ◆▲❖❙ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠✐t✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❯❲❇ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ■❊❊❊ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦♥ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❆r❡❛s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✷✽✭✼✮✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✶✹✴✶✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧♦♦❦ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✭✇❛❧❧ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss✮

P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✭✇❛❧❧ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss✮

◮ ❜❧✉❡✿ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ r❛t✐♦ ♦❢

❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts

• t✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥thickness

|❋|✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥thickness

• ◮ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s

❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ r❛t✐♦

◮ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❙❚❋❚ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s

r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t

5 10 15 20 25 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 ratio thickness of slab (brick) [cm] basis ratio T/|F| ratiomean (L={42}) ratiomean (L={40,60,70})

❚✳ ❲❡❤s ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✐st♦rt❡❞ ■❘✲❯❲❇ P✉❧s❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲♦✇ ❙◆❘ ✶✳ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹ ✶✺✴✶✺