t t s r - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ❘❡❝❛♣ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ❙❖❊✸✷✶✸✴✹✿ ❋❉ ▲❡❝t✉r❡ ✸ ❲❛✈❡ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s

❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❘❡❝❛♣ ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ❘❡❝❛♣ ▲❛st ❧❡❝t✉r❡ ✿ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ❤❡❛t ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✿ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❅ t ❂ ☛❅ ✷ ❚ ❅ ❚ ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ❅ ① ✷ ❲❛✈❡ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ④ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡❞ ❚ ♦♥ ❛ ♠❡s❤ ✭❣r✐❞✮✱ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✱ ❛♥❞ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ t❤❡s❡ t♦ ❣❡t ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ♣ ✰ ☛✍ t ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ❂ ❚ ♥ � ❚ ♥ ❡ � ✷ ❚ ♥ ♣ ✰ ❚ ♥ ✁ ♣ ✇ ✍ ① ✷ ❚❤✐s ❣❛✈❡ ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ❂ s❚ ♥ ❡ ✰ ✭✶ � ✷ s ✮ ❚ ♥ ♣ ✰ s❚ ♥ ♣ ✇ ✇✐t❤ s ❂ ☛✍ t ❂✍ ① ✷

❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ❘❡❝❛♣ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❚❤✐s ✐s ❡❛s② t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ❜✉t ✐❢ s ❃ ✵ ✿ ✺ ✐t ✐s ✉♥st❛❜❧❡ ④ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❡rr♦rs ❣r♦✇ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ st❡♣✳ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ❲❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ t❤✐s ❜② ❛ss✉♠✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ❲❛✈❡ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ☛❅ ✷ ❚ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❅ ① ✷ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡❞ ❛t t✐♠❡ ♥ ✭❝✉rr❡♥t t✐♠❡st❡♣✮ ④ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠

❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ❘❡❝❛♣ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❲❤❛t ✐❢ ✇❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡ ❛t t✐♠❡ ♥✰✶❄ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ � ❚ ♥ ❂ ☛ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ � ✷ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ✰ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ♣ ♣ ❡ ♣ ✇ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ✍ ① ✷ ✍ t ❲❛✈❡ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡❛r❛♥❣✐♥❣ t❤✐s✱ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s � s❚ ♥ ✰✶ ✰ ✭✶ ✰ ✷ s ✮ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ � s❚ ♥ ✰✶ ❂ ❚ ♥ ❡ ♣ ✇ ♣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ④ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ✱ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ✱ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ❛❧❧ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r ✿ ❡ ♣ ✇ ✎ ❊❛❝❤ ♣ ❣✐✈❡s ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✎ ❙❡t ♦❢ ♠ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ ❚ ✬s✳

❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ❲r✐t❡ t❤✐s ♦✉t ❛s ❛ ♠❛tr✐① ✿ ❘❡❝❛♣ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ✵ ✶ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ✵ ✭✶ ✰ ✷ s ✮ � s ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ❚ ♥ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✿ ✿ ✿ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ � s ✭✶ ✰ ✷ s ✮ � s ✵ ❚ ♥ ❇ ❈ ✷ ✷ ❇ ❈ ❇ ❈ ❇ ❈ ❇ ✵ � s ✭✶ ✰ ✷ s ✮ ✵ ❈ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ❇ ❚ ♥ ❈ ❇ ❈ ✸ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❇ ❈ ❇ ❈ ✸ ❂ ❇ ❈ ❇ ❈ ❇ ❈ ✳ ❇ ❈ ✳ ✳✳✳ ✳ ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ❇ ❈ ❇ ❈ ✳ ❇ ❈ ✳ ✳ ❇ ❈ ❇ ❈ ❇ ❈ ✳ � s ✳ ❅ ❆ ✳ ❅ ❆ ❅ ❆ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✭✶ ✰ ✷ s ✮ ❚ ♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ � s ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ♠ ♠ ❲❛✈❡ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦r✱ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ▼ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ❂ ❚ ♥ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❚ ♥ ❀ ✐♥✈❡rt ▼ t♦ ☞♥❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿ ❚ ♥ ✰✶ ❂ ▼ � ✶ ❚ ♥

❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ❘❡❝❛♣ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ✎ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛♥ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ❲❛✈❡ ✎ ▼♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✎ ✿ ✿ ✿ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ♥♦ st❛❜✐❧✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s

❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ▼✉❝❤ ❛s ②♦✉ ♠✐❣❤t ❡①♣❡❝t ✿ ❘❡❝❛♣ n ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ w p e ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ❲❛✈❡ s ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ δ y ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ δ x ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❊✳❣✳ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✬s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✿ ❅ ✷ ✣ ❅ ① ✷ ✰ ❅ ✷ ✣ ❅ ② ✷ ❂ ✵ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ✣ ❡ � ✷ ✣ ♣ ✰ ✣ ✇ ✰ ✣ ♥ � ✷ ✣ ♣ ✰ ✣ s ❂ ✵ ✍ ① ✷ ✍ ② ✷

❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ❲❛✈❡ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ▲✐♥❡❛r ❡❧❛st✐❝ ❜❛r✱ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ▲ ✱ ❝r♦ss✲s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆ ✿ ❘❡❝❛♣ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t A ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ∆ V ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ❲❛✈❡ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ y x ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ z 0 p L ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❚❛❦❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✁ ❱ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛r ✿ δ y σ σ + d σ δ z zz z=p zz z=p dz z=p δ x δ z

❆ss✉♠❡ ✿ ❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ✎ ❙tr❡ss ✛ ③③ ✈❛r✐❡s ✐♥ ③ ✲❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ✎ ♥♦t ✐♥ ① ♦r ② ❘❡❝❛♣ ❙tr❡ss ♦♥ ▲❍ ❢❛❝❡ ✐s ✛ ③ ③ ❥ ③ ❂ ♣ ✱ ❙tr❡ss ♦♥ ❘❍ ❢❛❝❡ ✐s ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ③ ❂ ♣ ✰ ✍ ③ ❅✛ ③③ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ☞ ☞ ✛ ③③ ☞ ☞ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❅ ③ ☞ ③ ❂ ♣ ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ❚♦t❛❧ ❢♦r❝❡ ♦♥ ❝✉❜❡ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ❲❛✈❡ ✒ ✓ ③ ❂ ♣ ✰ ✍ ③ ❅✛ ③③ ☞ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ☞ ☞ ✛ ③③ ✍ ① ✍ ② � ✛ ③③ ③ ❂ ♣ ✍ ① ✍ ② ☞ ☞ ☞ ❅ ③ ☞ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ③ ❂ ♣ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❂ ✍ ③ ❅✛ ③③ ☞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ③ ❂ ♣ ✍ ① ✍ ② ☞ ❅ ③ ☞ ❋ ❂ ♠❛ ✭◆■■✮✱ s♦ ✿ ▼❛ss ♦❢ ❝✉❜❡ ❂ ✚✍ ① ✍ ② ✍ ③ ❆❝❝❡❧❧❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❂ ❅ ✷ ✇ ❅ t ✷ ❀ ✇ ❂ ❞✐s♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t

❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ s♦ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ③ ❂ ♣ ✍ ① ✍ ② ✍ ③ ❂ ✚❅ ✷ ✇ ❙❝❤❡♠❡s ❅✛ ③③ ☞ ❅ t ✷ ✍ ① ✍ ② ✍ ③ ☞ ❅ ③ ☞ ❘❡❝❛♣ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❝✉❜❡ ✐s ❛r❜✐tr❛r②✱ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❂ ✚❅ ✷ ✇ ❅✛ ③③ ✷❞ ✭❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r✮ ❅ t ✷ ❅ ③ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ④ ✶❞ ❲❛✈❡ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❍♦♦❦❡s✬ ❧❛✇ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✛ ③③ ❂ ❊ ✧ ③③ ❂ ❊ ❅ ✇ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❅ ③ ❛♥❞ s♦ t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥✐♥❣ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❅ ✷ ✇ ❅ ✷ ✇ ❅ t ✷ ❂ ❈ ✷ ♣ ❅ ③ ✷ ❀ ✇✐t❤ ❈ ▲ ❂ ❊ ❂✚ ▲ ❚❤✐s ❤❛s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❣♦✈❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛✈❡ tr❛✈❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❛r✳ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❡ ✇✐t❤ ❋❉ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳