Synchrotron radiation Marcin Sikora Academic Centre for Materials - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Synchrotron radiation Marcin Sikora Academic Centre for Materials - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Synchrotron radiation Marcin Sikora Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH-UST, Krakow, Poland marcin.sikora@agh.edu.pl ESM-2018, Krakow, 26/9/2018 1 Origin of light 1. Charge: a source of electric field, = 0 .

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Synchrotron radiation

Marcin Sikora

Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH-UST, Krakow, Poland marcin.sikora@agh.edu.pl

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ESM-2018, Krakow, 26/9/2018 2 thebigblogtheory.wordpress.com

Origin of light

  • 1. Charge: a source of

electric field, 𝑬 = 𝜁0𝑭.

  • 2. Charge motion results in

variable field, πœ–π‘¬ 𝑒𝑒 β‰  0, a source of perpendicular magnetic field, π‘ͺ = 𝜈0𝑰.

  • 3. Variable magnetic field,

πœ–π‘° 𝑒𝑒 β‰  0, a source of perpendicular 𝑭 field … Emission of light (E-M wave) requires that ί²2𝑭 𝑒𝑒2 β‰  0, i.e. acceleration of charge

~

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Origin of synchrotron light

Electric dipol Electron in ring

centripetal force

𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 Electron in ring

relativistic

𝒃

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Synchrotron light spectrum

𝒃

Radiated power Critical energy Orbital radius

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Electromagnetic spectrum

nasa.gov; www.lightsources.org

𝑔 = 𝑑 πœ‡

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Topology of synchrotrons

lightsources.org, cern.ch, lynceantech.com

LHC: 27km ESRF: 840m ERL: 768m+ CLS:171m 234m ~10m

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Outline

Development of SR sources Properties of SR, instrumentation Applications of SR

  • diffraction
  • imaging
  • spectroscopy

Applications to magnetism

  • magnetic structure
  • element selective magnetometry
  • magnetic imaging
  • time resolved study
  • extreme conditions
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Theoretical and experimental foundations

1865: J.C.Maxwell’s paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field 1887: experimental observation of E-M waves by H.Hertz 1897: discovery of electron by J.J.Thompson 1898-1900: LiΓ©nard and Wiechert formulate the theory of retarded potential 1907: G.A.Schott’s formulates the full theory of radiation from electrons travelling at close to the speed of light

Appleyard R. Electrical Communication 6 (1927) 63

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Cyclic particle accelerators

1932: First cyclotron build by S.GaΓ‘l and E.O.Lawrence (4.8 MeV,  = 69 cm) 1935: First betatron build by M.Steenbeck (original concept from Rolf WiderΓΈe) 1944-1945: First synchrotrons by Vladimir Veksler and Edvin McMillan’s

wikipedia.org

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Discovery

1944: Ivanenko and Pomeranchouk calculate energy loss of electrons in betatron 1945: observation of modified trajectory of electrons in 100MeV betatron (Blewett), no traces of radiation detected 1947, April 24: Pollock, Langmuir, Elder and Gurewitsch observe light produced inside vacuum tube of newly built 70MeV synchrotron (GE, Schenectady, Nowy Jork), called synchrotron radiation 1949: Schwinger’s theory of SR 1969: Ginzburg & Syrovatskiy publish Development of the Theory of Synchrotron Radiation and Its Reabsorption based on Shklovsky’s theory of cosmic radiation

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Synchrotron lattice

β€žRace track” synchrotron by D. Crane (Univ. of Michigan, 1949)

Replenishment of electron energy and longitudinal focussing using RF cavities Guiding and lateral focussing of el. bunches using magnets: dipole, quadrupole, sextupole, N-pole …

Willmott P. An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, Willey 2011

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Insertion devices

Willmott P. An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, Willey 2011

Wiggler

K~10

Undulator

K~1

Wavelength shifter

Maximum angular deviation

  • f the electron orbit, πœšπ‘›π‘π‘¦,

define undulator parameter:

𝐽𝑛𝑏𝑦~π‘œπ‘“π‘šπ‘‚ π½π‘žπ‘“π‘π‘™~π‘œπ‘“π‘šπ‘‚2

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Generations of SR sources

Willmott P. An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, Willey 2011

1st: refurbished storage rings & parasitic operation 2nd: dedicated storage rings 3rd: optimized for brilliance (insertion devices) 4th: optimized for coherence free electron lasers (FEL) & diffraction limited storage rings (DLSR)

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Generations of SR sources

Willmott P. An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, Willey 2011

1st: refurbished storage rings & parasitic operation 2nd: dedicated storage rings 3rd: optimized for brilliance (insertion devices) 4th: optimized for coherence free electron lasers (FEL) & diffraction limited storage rings (DLSR)

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Unique properties od SR

Attwood D. Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation, Cambridge University Press 1999

  • Stable, high flux source of photons
  • Broad spectrum
  • Collimated and coherent
  • Discrete time structure
  • Polarized

(linearly, circularly)

e-

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Synchrotron radiation labs

There are more than 50 light sources in the world (operational, or under construction). Most of them offer free of charge access upon succesful beamtime applications (peer-reviewed). www.lightsources.org

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Elements of X-ray optics and instrumentation

Slits Mirrors

deflecting & focusing

Monochromators Detectors/endstations

www.synchrotron.pl

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X-ray mirrors

http://ftp.esrf.fr/pub/scisoft/xop2.3/

cut-off energy

Deflection Focusing Filtering

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Monochromators

Attwood D. Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation, Cambridge University Press 1999

Pinhole Grating

VUV & soft X-rays

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Monochromators

Attwood D. Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation, Cambridge University Press 1999

Crystals, multilayers

hard X-rays

bent crystals/gratings

Rowland circle geometry

Bragg law π‘œπœ‡ = 2 𝑏 β„Ž2 + 𝑙2 +π‘š2 π‘‘π‘—π‘œπœ„

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Focusing optics

Compound refractive lenses

hard X-rays

Fresnel zone plates

soft X-rays

Willmott P. An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, Willey 2011

Coated glass capilary

hard X-rays

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Detectors

www.ketek.net; www.dectris.com; www.hamamatsu.com; www.canberra.com

  • Ionization chambers
  • Scintilators
  • Si/Ge pin diodes
  • Silicon drift detectors (SDD)
  • Avalanche photodiode (APD)
  • Position sensitive detectors (PSD)
  • Photocurent
  • Drain current
  • Phosphor screen + CCD
  • ….
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Outline

Development of SR sources Properties of SR, instrumentation Applications of SR

  • diffraction
  • imaging
  • spectroscopy

Applications to magnetism

  • magnetic structure
  • element selective magnetometry
  • magnetic imaging
  • time resolved study
  • extreme conditions
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Applications of synchrotron radiation

X-ray diffraction

Vimeo.com/diamondlightsource

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Applications of synchrotron radiation

www.wikipedia.org

active sites, where CO2 is bound

X-ray diffraction Crystal structure

  • f proteins

e.g. RuBisCO enzyme

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Applications of synchrotron radiation

Time resolved and in-situ study Release of oxygen from Myoglobine protein

Courtesy: esrf.eu

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Applications of synchrotron radiation

Coherent photon beam ~20mm lateral size up to 150m projection Contrast due to small variations of refractive index

Phase contrast image

Courtesy: esrf.eu

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Applications of synchrotron radiation

Phase contrast tomography

Courtesy: esrf.eu

Non-destructive testing of fossils e.g. anatomical details of ancient snakes

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Interaction of X-rays with matter

henke.lbl.gov

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X-ray absorption

Dipol selection rules:

βˆ†π‘š = Β±1 βˆ†π‘˜ = Β±1 𝑝𝑠 0 Ds = 0

3d 4p EF 1s TM K-edge RE L3,L2,L1 edges

Element selective & symmetry sensitive probe of unoccupied electronic structure

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Magnetic scattering and absorption

Atomic form factor

   

E if E f f f " '   =

Elastic Reflectivity Absorption

4 2

10 ~

ο‚Έ charge magnetic

f f

Magnetic vs. charge scattering

S B L A οƒ—  οƒ— ~ fmagnetic

Orbital Spin

C.C. Kao at al., Phys. Rev. B (1994)

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3d EF 2p1/2 2p3/2

X-ray magnetic circualar dichroism

Photon energy Mass absorption

mο‚­ο‚― mο‚­ο‚­ Dm

L3 L2 π‘ͺπ’‡π’šπ’–

  • G. van der Laan, J. Phys.: Conf. Series (2013)
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Sum rules

B.T.Thole et al., PRL 68 (1992) 1943 P.Carra et al., PRL 70 (1993) 694 where n denotes the number of holes in the final states

Enable to separate spin and orbital moments

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Magnetic X-ray microscopy

XMCD using ultrasmall X-ray beam or magnification optics & position sensitive detector for photons/photoelectrons

A.P. Hitchcock, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. (2015)

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Magnetic X-ray microscopy

  • F. Noltig in Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation New Trends, Springer 2010

XMCD contrast proportional to the magnetization projection on incoming photon direction 3d EF 2p1/2 2p3/2

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X-ray Emission

x 8 x 500

Ka2 Kb1,3 Ka1 Kb2,5

3d 4p EF 1s 3p Fe2O3 S=5/2 K3Fe(CN)6 S=1/2 K4Fe(CN)6 S=0 Theory Experiment

P.Glatzel & U.Bergmann, Coord. Chem. Rev. (2005)

Similar information to XPS, but for (diluted, insulating, buried …) bulky samples Sensitive to nominal spin of transition metals

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(Resonant) Inelastic X-ray Scattering

A.Baron, arxiv.org/1504.01098

Continuum EF Core level Energy transfer (loss) Magnon

(R)IXS

High resolution probe of elementary excitations including Q dependence

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Resonant (Inelastic) X-ray Scattering

  • L. Ament et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009)

magnon

  • rbital (d-d) excitation

elastic scattering

Complete polarisation analysis allows to disentangle the origin of elementary excitation probed:

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Outline

Development of SR sources Properties of SR, instrumentation Applications of SR

  • diffraction
  • imaging
  • spectroscopy

Applications to magnetism

  • magnetic structure
  • element selective magnetometry
  • magnetic imaging
  • time resolved study
  • extreme conditions
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Magnetic diffraction

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XMCD spectroscopy

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XMCD – sum rules

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Element selective magnetometry

gFe2O3

R=5.0nm

(MnFe)3O4

d=1.1nm

Mn3O4

d=0.3nm

TEM-EELS Fe 1s2p RIXS-MCD MnFe2O4 Mn: NPs

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Nature Nanotechnology 12 (2017) 980

X-ray magnetic microscopy

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Tomography

Magnetization topology inside GdCo2 nanopillar

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Tomography

1um

300nm

300nm

Magnetization topology inside GdCo2 nanopillar

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Extreme conditions

  • R. Torchio et al., Coordination Chem. Rev. (2014)

www.esrf.eu

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Extreme conditions

Mg0.9Fe0.1SiO3

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Further reading

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Synchrotron training

For regional synchrotron schools and specialized workshops check regularly at www.lightsources.org, www.calipso.eu and www.ceric-eric.eu