SLIDE 1
Today’s energy overview
http://americanenergyindependence.com/energychallenge.aspx
Energy transition
Renewable energies
Production, Transport, Conversion and Storage
Sustainable Li-based batteries for energy storage J.M. Tarascon - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Sustainable Li-based batteries for energy storage J.M. Tarascon - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
New Fellows Seminar The Royal Society London, July 10, 2014 Sustainable Li-based batteries for energy storage J.M. Tarascon Todays energy overview Energy transition http://americanenergyindependence.com/energychallenge.aspx Renewable
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
Energy storage: Another challenge for the 21st century
Batteries
Chemical Electric
To improve-create new energy storage technologies
Grid applications EV applications
SLIDE 4
The Li-ion technology: a versatile technology
The Li-Ion technology Power
2 to 10kW / kg 210 Wh/kg 625 Wh/l
Energy
+
LiMn2O4
4.2-5 V
LiCoO2-NMC
4.2- 4.6 V
LiFePO4
3.45 V
- LixSiy
0.4 V
LixC6
0.2 V
SLIDE 5
Li-ion has conquered the portable market
The Li-ion technology: a large and diversified market
18650 5-10 Wh 1990’s 2010’s
What about the EV and grid applications markets: When ???
EV’s pack 30-100 kWh
Grids packs 16 MWh
Lower cost (/2) Higher energy (x2) SUSTAINABILITY
SLIDE 6
Energy demanding steps
Today’s Cell assembly
Tomorrow’s needs and challenges: Develop sustainable Li-ion batteries
Energy demanding steps Raw materials limitations
Life Cycle Analysis of Large-size Lithium-ion Secondary Batteries; K Ishihara et al (2009).
Energy needed 400kWh Fabrication of a 1kWh battery CO2 rejected 80kg
Ideal approach
How to reach this ???
Improve materials synthesis Explore organic electrodes Search for post-Li chemistry
- M. Armand, J.-M. Tarascon,Nature 451, 652 - 657 (2008)
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Electrode Materials
∑
Chemical composition Elaboration process
( ( ) ) +
Favour the use of low cost elements (Fe, Mn, Ti, S, P, C, B, Na, Mg)
New materials for energy storage: sustainability/cost issues
SLIDE 8
Ionic liquids
NaCl [EMI]+[TFSI]-
Inorganic ionothermal synthesis???
Molten salts at Tamb.
Lower synthesis temperature (200 C instead of 700 C) Tune morphology Prepare new phases made of abundant elements LiFeSO4F
Ionothermal synthesis of electrode materials
- N. Recham, … and J-M. Tarascon: Nat Mater. 2010, 9(1), 68-75.
SLIDE 9
Towards the eco-efficient development of electrode materials: a few trends
Develop bio-assisted, bio-inspired synthesis methods
Bacteria to synthesize
New materials at Room Temp Control texture/morphology Bacteria/Viruses Diatoms
40 nm
Energy (%)
- J. Miot…. and J.-M. Tarascon , Energy Environ. Sci., 2014,7, 451-460
Iron-oxidizing bacteria to produce -Fe2O3
+Fe2+
30 C/2 days
Nanograins
- f textured
-Fe2O3 Bacterium (Acidovorax
BoFeN1)
SLIDE 10
The organic alternative to the mineral approach
O O O O L iO L iO
Li2C6O6
Renewable organic Li-ion batteries: main message to take back home
New concept
PERFORMANCES
Approaching those of present Li-ion batteries
Meet SUSTAINABILITY
- M. Armand, J.-M. Tarascon,Nature 451, 652 - 657 (2008)
SLIDE 11
Can we increase the energy density
while ensuring ecological storage?
Petrol + air 2500Wh/kg Battery 150Wh/kg
Gap of factor 15
Revisit the metal-air systems and more particularly the Li-oxygen one
SLIDE 12
3582 3.2
Li/air (aqueous) 2Li + ½O2 + H2O = 2LiOH
3505 3.0
Li/air (non-aqueous) 2Li + O2 = Li2O2
2567 2.2
Li/S 2Li + S = Li2S
1086 1.65
Zn/air Zn + ½O2 = ZnO
387 3.8
Today’s Li-ion ½C6Li + Li0.5CoO2 = 3C + LiCoO2
Theoretical Specific Energy Wh kg-1 Cell Voltage V (volts)
Battery
3582 3.2
Li/air (aqueous) 2Li + ½O2 + H2O = 2LiOH
3505 3.0
Li/air (non-aqueous) 2Li + O2 = Li2O2
2567 2.2
Li/S 2Li + S = Li2S
1086 1.65
Zn/air Zn + ½O2 = ZnO
387 3.8
Today’s Li-ion ½C6Li + Li0.5CoO2 = 3C + LiCoO2
Theoretical Specific Energy Wh kg-1 Cell Voltage V (volts)
Battery
Li-air vs. Li-ion in terms of performances
Battery
Potential Theoretical Energy density
Bruce PG, …, Tarascon JM, Nature Materials, 11, 19-29, 2012.
Numerous technological barriers need to be overcome: the path will be long before Li-air batteries can be commercialized
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All-solid-state batteries Multivalent cations (Mg+2, Ca+2) batteries
New Chemistries beyond Li-ion that we are exploring …
Li/S batteries Na-ion batteries Redox-flow batteries
Most of them are still at the research-developpement level
B.Dunn, ….. And , J.M. Tarascon, Science 334, 928 (2011);
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(GM "Volt") (Peugeot "iON“) (Bolloré "Bluecar“) (Nissan "Leaf“)
1884 2013
Great variety
- f models
Electric Vehicles: from the Holy Grail to today’s boom
1899 1942 1960
Renault "Fluence" Toyota "Prius"
1997
1900 1940 1920 1960 1980 2000 Li-ion Ni-MH Ni-Cd Lead- acid
Moore’s Law ?
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(14 TW) (28 TW)
Double our energy production
Energy storage: Meeting our challenges
(2050) New materials
Develop new technologies
Chemists
2050 …. (35 years) We do not have thousands of years ahead – our time is limited
Sustainability is becoming essential
Constraints
SLIDE 16
How to defeat this time-scale bottleneck: Experimentation-Theory-Instrumentation
Develop new materials
through eco-efficient methods
Translate what has been done
in genomics to materials
Map a "genome of materials"
Finding the winning
combination: a nightmare See better
Can we dream …
Electron imaging
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