Li-ion Batteries in Bulk Storage Benjamin Ditch Christopher - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Li-ion Batteries in Bulk Storage Benjamin Ditch Christopher - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 20, 2024 325 likes •707 views

Flammability Characterization of Li-ion Batteries in Bulk Storage Benjamin Ditch Christopher Wieczorek SUPDET 2013, February 26 March 1, Orlando, FL Goal Develop sprinkler protection recommendations for bulk storage of Li-ion batteries

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SLIDE 1

Flammability Characterization of Li-ion Batteries in Bulk Storage

Benjamin Ditch Christopher Wieczorek

SUPDET 2013, February 26 – March 1, Orlando, FL

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SLIDE 2

Goal

Develop sprinkler protection recommendations for bulk storage of Li-ion batteries

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SLIDE 3

How to Evaluate Li-ion Batteries

  • Commodity classification not feasible

– Expensive, cost up to $70k per pallet

  • Reduced commodity approach

– Limit commodity to one pallet load per test – Freeburn (no water)

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SLIDE 4
  • Rack storage configuration

– 3-tier storage – Single-row rack

  • Commodity lining ignition flue
  • Similar amount of exposed

commodity for each test

  • Bottom tier non-combustible
  • Simulate fire from 1st tier

– Propane ring burner – ~50 kW

Non-combustible

Side Elevation View

Ring burner Combustible Product (Li-ion batteries or standard commodity) Ignition flue

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SLIDE 5

Reduced-Commodity Approach

  • Characterize fire development up to theoretical

sprinkler operation

– Standard commodities and Li-ion batteries

  • Compare predicted sprinkler operation time versus

time of battery involvement

  • Caveat: all fire growth rates must be similar
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SLIDE 6

Fire Growth Comparison

Time Heat Release Rate

Class 2 CUP Sprinkler operation

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SLIDE 7

Commodities Standard and Li-ion Batteries

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SLIDE 8

Standard Commodities

Class 2 Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic

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SLIDE 9

Array Configuration

Class 2 Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic

[50 kW]

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SLIDE 10

Cylindrical Cells

  • Cobalt oxide
  • 19,200 cells total
  • 4,800 cells/pallet
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SLIDE 11

Power Tool Battery Packs

  • 200 power packs total
  • 2,000 cells total
  • 25 boxes/pallet
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SLIDE 12

Polymer Cells

  • Cobalt oxide
  • 15,552 cells total
  • 27 boxes/pallet
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SLIDE 13

Results and Analysis

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SLIDE 14

Measurements*

  • Multiple video cameras and IR
  • Thermocouples at commodity/metal liner interface
  • Convective heat release rate

*Showing only measurements used for flammability characterization

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SLIDE 15

Analysis Outline

  • Characterization period
  • Fire development
  • Sprinkler operation predictions
  • Time of battery involvement
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SLIDE 16

Characterization Period

Period before flame spread exceeds commodity

  • Standard video

– Attached flame location

  • IR video

– External heating of commodity

  • Thermocouple liner response

– Internal heating of commodity

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SLIDE 17

Flame Attachment

30 s 60 s 90 s

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SLIDE 18

External Heating

Images courtesy of Jaap de Vries Make/Model SC655, Temperature range 0-1,200oC (2,190oF) 30 s 60 s 90 s

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SLIDE 19

Liner TC Location

0.4m. 0.4m.

20 gauge TC, exposed bead (fastened to liner)

Metal Liner Combustible Product East Pallet West Pallet

[0.4 m = 1.3 ft]

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SLIDE 20

Internal Heating

Electrolyte oxidizes at 180oC (360oF)

[Roth et al., SAND2004-0584, 2004 ]

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SLIDE 21

Characterization Period

Commodity Flame Attachment External Heating Internal Heating Commodity Collapse Class 2 60 - 90 60 - 90 n/a none CUP 60 - 90 60 - 90 160 none Li-ion Cylindrical Cells 60 - 90 60 - 90 310 500 Li-ion Power Tool Packs 60 - 90 60 - 90 120 94 Li-ion Polymer Cells 60 - 90 60 - 90 330 540 Characterization period ~ 75 ± 5 s for all commodities

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SLIDE 22

Heat Release Rate

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 Convective Heat Release Rate (kW) Time (s)

CUP - Test 7 Class 2 - Test 10

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SLIDE 23

Heat Release Rate

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 Convective Heat Release Rate (kW) Time (s)

CUP - Test 7 Class 2 - Test 10 Li-ion Cylindrical Cells Li-ion Power Tool Packs Li-ion Polymer Cells

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SLIDE 24

Battery Involvement

  • Based on HRR curves

– Cylindrical cells: ~ 4 - 6 minutes – Power tool packs: not discernable – Polymer cells: ~ 5 - 8 minutes

  • Nominal value: 5 minutes
  • Protection system requirement

– Extinguish fire before battery involvement

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 Convective Heat Release Rate (kW) Time (s)

CUP - Test 7 Class 2 - Test 10 Li-ion Cylindrical Cells Li-ion Power Tool Packs Li-ion Polymer Cells

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SLIDE 25

Sprinkler Link Response

  • Measure convective flow from fire
  • Calculate fire plume temperature and velocity

– Rack storage height – Clearance above commodity

  • Calculate response of sprinkler link

– Link temperature rating and thermal response

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SLIDE 26

Rack Storage Configuration

Configuration Units Value

Sprinkler RTI ft1/2s1/2 50 and 300 Link Rating

  • F

165 Ceiling Clearance ft 10 and 15

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SLIDE 27

QR Sprinkler Response

Quick-response sprinkler, 74oC link rating, 3 m clearance

Fire size @ sprinkler

  • peration

(165oF link rating, 10 ft clearance )

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SLIDE 28

QR Sprinkler, 3 m (10 ft) Clearance

Commodity Link Operation Time (s) Qbe (kW) Fire Growth Rate (kW/s) Class 2 59 209 15 CUP 43 232 16 Li-ion Cylindrical Cells 44 284 23 Li-ion Power Tool Packs 51 282 25 Li-ion Polymer Cells 41 256 16 Fire size at sprinkler operation, Qbe (kW)

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SLIDE 29

Compiled Sprinkler Response (s)

Commodity 3 m (10 ft) Clearance 4.6 m (15 ft) Clearance QR SR QR SR Class 2 59 77 65 90 CUP 43 70 52 86 Li-ion Cylindrical Cells 44 62 76 256 Li-ion Power Tool Packs 51 70 87 125 Li-ion Polymer Cells 41 64 77 144 Excludes all sprinkler operation times greater than 75 ± 5 s

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SLIDE 30

Li-ion Polymer Cells

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 240 480 720 960 Convective Heat Release Rate (kW) Time (s)

  • 1. QR link
  • 2. SR link
  • 3. Batteries involved
  • 4. Liner TC > 180oC
  • 5. Partial collapse
  • 6. Fire Fighting

1 2 3 4 5 6 Suppression

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SLIDE 31

Application of Results

  • Hazard assessment at sprinkler operation

– Storage up to 4.6 m (15 ft) – Ceilings up to 9.1 m (30 ft) – QR sprinklers, 74oC (165oF) rating

  • Small format Li-ion batteries

– Cartoned in bulk storage

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SLIDE 32

Conclusions

  • Initial fire growth similar for all commodities

– Carton material

  • Battery involvement occurs after sprinkler operation
  • Battery involvement not observable for power tool

packs

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SLIDE 33

Future Work

  • Large-scale tests with Li-ion batteries

– Impact of battery involvement

  • External fire
  • Internal battery fault

– Impact of flaming projectiles

  • Bench-scale hazard assessment for other Li-ion

batteries

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SLIDE 34

Disclaimer

  • Unique test approach only used due to cost and

availability of Li-ion batteries

  • Does not provide same information as Commodity

Classification or Large-Scale testing

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SLIDE 35

More data coming at… www.fmglobal.com/researchreports

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SLIDE 36

Acknowledgements

  • Property Insurance Research Group (PIRG)
  • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
  • Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF)
  • Exponent

Property Insurance Research Group