Sustainable Bioenergy Development Sustainable Bioenergy Development Opportunities and Challenges in Research & Policy for Africa Miyuki Iiyama August Temu Cristel Munster Cristel Munster Ramni Jamnadass World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) g y ( ) Nairobi, Kenya Af i African Bioenergy Convention Bi C ti Stellenbosch March 17 th – 19th, 2010
Contents •Background •Goals of Sustainable Bioenergy Development •Conceptual Framework p •Opportunities & Challenges - Value Chain •Opportunities & Challenges Land Use •Opportunities & Challenges - Land Use •Gaps in Research & Policy
Background Global Bioenergy Development Discourses •Climate change & energy insecurity have driven boom on liquid agrofuel •Speculations have led to concern over food security/poverty •LCA studies have started questioning efficiency African Bioenergy Development Discourses •Bioenergy regarded as a win win win option (above 2+econ development) •Bioenergy regarded as a win-win-win option (above 2+econ development) •Some small-farmers regarded it as new “cash” crops •Some expat. investors regarded it as large investment chances p g g African Experiences so Far •Agronomic solutions require lots of research and development •Value chains of agrofuels have not yet well developed •Some land grabbing occurred with negative socioecon & env. impacts S l d bbi d ith ti i & i t •Critical importance of woodfuels is completely forgotten
African Energy Portfolios Limited Modern Energy Provision Limited Modern Energy Provision •Transport sector depends on imported fossil fuels, creating fiscal burden •Electricity provision often depends on hydro, unreliable in dry years Electricity provision often depends on hydro, unreliable in dry years •Majority of urban & rural HHs cannot have access to modern energy Traditional Biomass Traditional Biomass •As a result, 70% to 90% of population in rural areas, depend on population in rural areas, depend on fuelwood and charcoal •They cause deforestation & env. degradation as well as pollution d d ti ll ll ti energy supply by source in Kenya (IAEA 2007) 5.9% 19.1% electricity petroleum products 0.4% coal 74.6% bomass
Africa - Economy, Agriculture, Resources Economy & Poverty •Industrialization is constrained due to inadequate modern energy •Economy is heavily dependent on agricultural sector with poor farmers E i h il d d i l l i h f •Bioenergy can boost industries & alleviate poverty •However it must not compromise primary needs of feeding populations However it must not compromise primary needs of feeding populations Agricultural Productivity & Natural Resources •Highly suitable areas are overpopulated, ASALs less productive Hi hl i bl l d ASAL l d i •NR bases (soil, water) are fragile and threatened under pop. pressure •Farmers practice extensive rain-fed agriculture with little inputs Farmers practice extensive rain fed agriculture with little inputs •Productivity remains low, as farmers cannot afford risky investment Therefore Therefore… •Increasing agricultural productivity rapidly would require intensification, including use of agro-chemicals and organic matters g g g •NR bases needs to be well managed more than before (In view of CC) •Investment in capacity & infrastructure (irrigation, roads, etc.) are crucial
Sustainable Bioenergy Development Opportunities Demand side – Energy Security •Clean & modern energy access for the majority •Stable energy supply for econ development Supply side – Rural/Agricultural Development S l id R l/A i lt l D l t •Productive land use •Employment/income opportunities Employment/income opportunities Goals Demand side - Enhancement of sustainable bioenergy portfolios Supply side - Viable rural sector development Critical Conditions •Assurance of local ownership f l l h •Assurance of socio-econ & environmental sustainability
Conceptual Framework Bioenergy Diversification Matrix – FAO UBET production, supply production, supply common groups common groups users side, demand examples users side, demand examples Direct woodfuels solid: firewood, charcoal briquettes q Indirect woodfuels Indirect woodfuels WOODFUELS Recovered woodfuels liquid: black liquor etc. Wood-derived fuels gasses: Fuel crops solid: straw, bagasse, etc. Agric by-products liquid: ethanol, SVO, diesel AGROFUELS 2 nd + generation (cellulous), etc. Animal by-products agro-industy BPs gasses: biogass Municipal by-products MUNUCIPAL BY-PRODUCTS solid/liquid/gasses Heterogeneous Opportunities & Challenges …can complicate identifications of gaps in research & policy can complicate identifications of gaps in research & policy - Demand: Value Chain/Technology - Supply: Land & Resource Use/ Socioecon & Environmental Sustainability
Value Chain & Technology Opportunities groups WOODFUELS AGROFUELS FORM FORM solid liquid •Access to cleaner & firewood firewood charcoal charcoal ethanol ethanol SVO & SVO & TYPES TYPES TYPES TYPES modern energy for the d f th diesel poor SECTOR SECTOR •Diversified thus Domestic stable supply of HH high D high D high P high P energy for econ. Commercial D high D high P high P Industrial D D P P development p Transport - - high P high P •Import substitution - Heat & power high P P P & surplus for export Export - - P P VALUE CHAIN VALUE CHAIN VALUE CHAIN VALUE CHAIN Production Challenges existing, yet not Collection but informal fully yet Processing • technology needs technology needs & inefficient developed developed Distribution improvement, R&D End-use device •Woodfuels with REGULATIONS REGULATIONS incentives, agrofuels i i f l Product quality no effective blending mandate? Product safety regulations license/standards? with supply * D …demand: P …potential bottlenecks
Value Chain –Woodfuels Value chains exist but remain informal & inefficient… charcoal firewood briquettes inefficient tech. livelihoods burden recycling option Feedstock/ Production Production Distribution/ P Processing i End use/Final Consumption
Value Chain –Agrofuels Value chains yet developed, local accessibility/affordability crucial y p y/ y wild-growing trees plantation for export Smallholder farmers SVO price sensitive bypassing locals? Feedstock/ Production Production No alue chain No value chain developed/ Distribution/ few technologies for HH available at this HH available at this P Processing i moment End use/Final Consumption
Land Use & Sustainability Opportunities Groups WOODFUELS AGROFUELS •Productive land use TYPES TYPES firewood/charcoal ethanol, SVO/diesel forest non- SCALE SCALE large scale small scale •Income & plantation forest AF plantation employment creation SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES ISSUES ISSUES ISSUES Challenges GHG highly N P? ? ? Deforestation •Issues can be highly N P? ? P? Food security ood secu ty ? ? ? ? highly N highly N ? ? di diverse across types Livelihoods/habitat ? P? ? P? /scales, with lots of Biodiversity highly N ? highly N ? uncertainties Water & soil quality highly N ? N? ? •Sustainability can RELATED SECTORS RELATED SECTORS also be case specific, Energy O O O O Agriculture O O O need careful need careful Lands/Investment O evaluations Forestry O O •Harmonization of Water O O O O cross-sector policies t li i * P …positive: N …negative: ? ...ambiguous • EIA/zoning mandates
Land Use – Socioeconomic Sustainability F Food Security, Habitat, Pastoralist Land Use d S it H bit t P t li t L d U Pastoral Land Use Food vs. Fuel
Land Use – Environmental Sustainability D f Deforestation, Biodiversity Loss, Carbon Debt t ti Bi di it L C b D bt Deforestation affects Conversion into farm land leads to water tower & climate biodiversity & soil loss, carbon debt
Gaps in Research Need to coordinate multi-disciplinary research at national levels Need to coordinate multi-disciplinary research at national levels RESEARCH ISSUES RESEARCH ACTIONS identification of optimal baseline survey Domestication species/feedstocks at various analysis on genetic diversity agro-ecological conditions provenance & silvicultural trials p geographical/biophysical Productivity optimal management suitability AF impacts on water/soil AF impacts on water/soil Soil quality carbon sequestration Climate change possibility of CDM CBA & LCA across diverse feedstocks as well across diverse feedstocks as well Value chain, V l h i technology R&D/transfer h l & / f as diverse socio-econ & agro- business incentives/regulations ecological conditions models socio-econ & environmental policy studies/upscaling Env. services impact assessment
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