Supercapacitor or Battery by Dr. Farshad Barzegar, University of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Supercapacitor or Battery

by Dr. Farshad Barzegar, University of Pretoria

Outline

What is Supercapacitors? Supercapacitors vs Batteries Concluding remarks Supercapacitor Applications

History of the Supercapacitor

3

NEC

Supercapacitor

In 1740, Ewald Georg von Kleist constructed the first capacitor. In the same year Pieter von Musschenboek invented the Leyden Jar. Ben Franklin soon found out a flat piece of glass can be used in place

• f the jar model.

The Electric Double Layer Capacitor effect was first noticed in 1957 by General Electric. Standard Oil of Ohio re-discovered this effect in 1966. Standard Oil

• f

Ohio gave the licensing to NEC, which in 1978 marketed the product as a “supercapacitor”.

What is Supercapacitors?

4

Supercapacitors perform mid-way between conventional capacitors and electrochemical cells (batteries). Fast Charge and Fast Discharge Capability (seconds) High Power Density (>2kW/kg), Lower energy than a battery Highly reversible process, >500,000’s of cycles Wider Operating Temperature (-40℃ ~ 70℃) Eco-friendly and safe

5

Supercapacitors vs Batteries

Supercapacitor Battery

Available Performance Supercapacitor

Charge/Discharge Time 0.3 to 30 s Energy Storage W-Sec of energy Energy (Wh/kg) 1 to 10 Cycle Life >500,000 Specific Power (W/kg) <10,000 Charge/discharge efficiency 0.85 to 0.98

Available Performance Battery

Charge/Discharge Time 0.5 to 10 hrs Energy Storage W-Hr of energy Energy (Wh/kg) 8 to 700 Cycle Life <1,500 Specific Power (W/kg) <1000 Charge/discharge efficiency 0.7 to 0.85

Supercapacitors vs Batteries

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1 2 3 4

Supercapacitors Lead-acid AGM battery Nickel–metal hydride battery Lithium-ion battery

Which one?

1 2 3 4

Efficiency Self Discharge Availability Cycle Stability Energy Density Power Density Energy Cost Power Cost System Cost Safety Recycling Environment Temperature Range Charge Acceptance

Supercapacitors Pb-AGM batteries NiMH batteries Li Ion batteries

www.maxwell.com

Ragone plot

• P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 845–854

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Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Aerogels Activated Carbons Templated Mesoporous Carbons 01 02 04 03

EDLC

Carbon

Iron(III) oxide Ruthenium Oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Manganese Dioxide 01 04 02 03

PC

Supercapacitor applications

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1 3 4 2 1 2 3 1 4

Solar Energy Digital Camera Audio Player Flashlight Road Sign Wind Mill – Solar Tracking Electric Car – Golf Car UPS Motor Starter Controller

Power

Power Support

Memory Back-up Energy Storage

4

Robot

2

Hybrid Car

3

Smart Meter

5

Copy Machine Digital Camera

3

Wireless Device

1

Mobile Phone

2 4

Solar Watch

5

Remote Control

11

SC

Wind turbine

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Optimizing your system design

✓You can combine an supercapacitor and a battery to optimizing your system design. ✓The high power pulses are provided by the supercapacitor, while the large energy requirement is provided by the battery.

NEC/TOKIN hybrid system

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Supercapacitor is connected in parallel to Dry battery 379 673 (80% increase) Without Supercapacitor With Supercapacitor Operating life (Number of photos)

Rockster R1100DE hybrid rock crusher

14

Power peaks are smooth by supercapacitors.

The fuel consumption is reduced and through the use of virtually maintenance-free electric motors also maintenance costs are minimized. With this technology you can save up to 16,000 liters (20,800$ if Diesel = $1.30 /ltr) of diesel annually.

Komatsu hybrid system

15

Cat hybrid system

Caterpillar 6120B H FS hybrid Mining Shovel

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www.cat.com

• 1400 Tons
• Bucket volume 46 to 65 m3 (size depends on material density)
• Internal combustion engine power 4500 hp (3360 kW)
• Machine power 8,000 hp (using IC engine + energy storage)
• 48 MJ capacitor energy storage (4700 cells each rated at 3000 F, 2.7 V)
• Cut fuel cost per ton by at least 25%

Hybrid Rubber Tired Gantry Crane (RTGC)

TCM corporation

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• 7 MJ Capacitor
• 38 % Fuel Saving / Significant Emission Reduction

Capacitor Storage

• T. Furukawa: DLCAP energy storage system multiple application, Proc. Adv. Capacitor World Summit, San Diego (2006)

Ar Vag Tredan (Electric boat)

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• Electric passenger ship, powered by supercapacitor, operated in the harbor of Lorient.
• Passenger capacity: 147
• Absence of CO2 emission, noise and vibration
• Recyclable materials
• 25 m² of photovoltaic panels supply the entire low voltage network (lighting of navigation and remote control

equipment)

• Cruise speed: 10 knots

www.enerzine.com

CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive

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Electric bus with the fastest charging time in the world (10 sec )

Charging takes 30 sec and can power the train for 2 km

Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation

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SWB6121SC SWB6121EV2

www.sunwinbus.com

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3rg-SsPJuU

Business Case for Battery Hybridization

21

Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus

• 33 mph velocity: 2 MJ → 0.56 kWh of kinetic energy (1kWh = 3.6MJ)
• Value electrical energy at $0.15/kWh
• Thus bus kinetic energy worth 0.56 x $0.15 = 8¢
• Assume round trip efficiency ~50% (value of energy 4¢)
• Assume 1000 stop cycles/day with 330 days/year operation
• Annual energy savings = 1000 x 330 x 4¢ = $13.200
• 3 MJ battery storage cells cost ≈ $750
• Battery storage system life ~2

Supercapacitor

75% ~6¢ 6¢ $20,000 Supercapacitor $10,000 >> 4 years

• Saving after 2 years = (2 x $13.200) - $750 = $25,650

Supercapacitor 6 (6 x $20,000) - $10,000 = $110,000 In 6 year = $76,950

22

Concluding remarks

Summary

1 2 3 4

Supercapacitor have very attractive features

• High cycle life
• Excellent reliability
• Maintenance-free operation
• Wide Operating Temperature

Supercapacitor technology has lower life-cycle cost compare to Battery technology Supercapacitor shows good potential in Power, Power support, Energy storage and Memory Back-up application

thanks

F O R Y O U R P A T I E N C E

dankie ngiyabonga

ありがとう

감사합니다

gracias merci grazie спасибо 谢谢 مرکشتم ً ارکش dankeהדות

eυχαριστώ

QUESTION AND ANSWER SATION

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Centre for New Energy Studies (CNES)

Our research

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3D Simulation of supercapacitor

Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance

• f activated carbon-based supercapacitor.

3D Simulation of supercapacitor Making supercapacitors Investigate effect of radiation

Using supercapacitor in real application

Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

Using supercapacitor in real application

28

3D Simulation of supercapacitor

Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance

• f activated carbon-based supercapacitor.

3D Simulation of supercapacitor Making supercapacitors Investigate effect of radiation

Using supercapacitor in real application

Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

Using supercapacitor in real application

3D Simulation of supercapacitor

Three dimension modelling of the components in supercapacitors for proper understanding and contribution of each parameter to the final electrochemical performance

29

Most researchers have tried to explain the EDLCs for ECs, however, none

• f

the reports clearly explained effect and reflection of each component on the final stored energy. The verification and confirmation of the proposed model, was carried

• ut experimentally with activated

carbon-based materials in laboratory. we study and provide a deep understanding of the electrical behaviour of ECs and the effect of each component to the final electrochemical performance.

Existing model

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RC RC cir ircuit it mod model Thr hree br bran anch RC RC cir ircuit it mod model Tran ansmis issio ion line mod model

The model show a suitable connection with experimental results, however, the models have a weakness taking into account that the circuit components lack a physical meaning. The simple RC circuit model cannot be used to probe porous nature of the electrodes or show the behaviour of EDLCs over a frequency range accurately. Mentioned model are incomplete models for actual ECs and cannot be used to examine resistances of each parameter of ECs (active material, electrolyte, separator and etc.) individually and their focus is mostly on the EDLCs material.

R element presents resistance, L element presents inductance and C is the capacitor.

31

Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs)

Resistance of the electrolyte (Re), Active materials resistance (RC), Membrane resistance (Rm), Leakage resistance (Rlk), Inductance (L) and Ideal capacitor behavior (C).

32

Redox electrochemical capacitors (RECs)

Resistance of the electrolyte (Re), Active materials resistance (RC), Membrane resistance (Rm), Faradic part of material resistance (Rf), Leakage resistance (Rlk), Inductance (L) and Ideal capacitor behavior (C)

Hybrid 2D electrical equivalent model of practical ECs

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Hybrid 3D electrical equivalent model of practical supercapacitors

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Simulation Results

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(a) EIS plot, (b) the phase angle versus frequency and (c) CV curves of simulation

a b c

Simulations in Matlab/Simulink is conducted using Simpower GUI. A saw tooth wave with the maximum voltage of 1 V and frequency of 0.01 is used to charge and discharge the cell.

Re represents the resistance of the electrolyte, Rm is the resistance of membrane, Rc is a resistance of current collector and electrode materials, Rlk is leakage resistance and Rct is the resistance of the Faradic part of the material

Laboratory results

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(a) EIS plot, (b) the phase angle versus frequency and, (c) CV curves at scan rates of 20 mV s-1 of material in reality

37

3D Simulation of supercapacitor

Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance

• f activated carbon-based supercapacitor.

3D Simulation of supercapacitor Making supercapacitors Investigate effect of radiation

Using supercapacitor in real application

Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

Using supercapacitor in real application

Making supercapacitors

38

Materia ials El Electr trolyt lytes Desig ign

Activated carbon (AC) Activated expanded graphite (AEG) Pinecone activated carbon (PAC) Activated carbon/Manganese (AC/Mn) Different Micro- and Mesopores Structure ZnxCo3−xS4 Hybrid microstructures MoS2 Aqueous Organic Solvent Solutions Ionic Liquids Polymer and Gel Electrolytes Normal Supercapacitor Micro supercapacitor

Design Electrolytes Materials

Activated carbon from different sources

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Sugar-based Polymer- based Expandable Graphite- based Coconut-based Polymer-based Pinecone-based

Different design of supercapacitors

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Normal Supercapacitor Micro supercapacitor

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• P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 845–854

42

3D Simulation of supercapacitor

Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance

• f activated carbon-based supercapacitor.

3D Simulation of supercapacitor Making supercapacitors Investigate effect of radiation

Using supercapacitor in real application

Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

Using supercapacitor in real application

The Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum

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Influence of microwave irradiation exposure on electrodes material

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S i m p l e v e r y s m a l l e n e r g y S a f e S h o r t t i m e

3 4 2 1

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Low and high magnification SEM image of (a) and (b) ACGF, (c) and (d) ACCNT, (e) and (f) ACEG Before microwave irradiation Low and high magnification SEM image of (a) and (b) mACGF, (c) and (d) mACCNT, (e) and (f) mACEG After microwave irradiation

Sample Surface area (m2/g) Micropore volume a (cm3/g) Pore diameter b (nm) mACGF 1163 0.400 2.65 ACGF 1124 0.388 2.8 mACCNT 930 0.232 3.06 ACCNT 1071 0.186 3.1 mACEG 1131 0.293 2.98 ACEG 627 0.177 29.8

Surface area, micropore, cumulative volume and pore size of the samples +3.5 %

• 13.

3.1 % +66. 66.5 5 %

46

(a) The comparison of CV curves in 6M KOH electrolytes at the scan rate of 20 mV s-1, (b) The comparison of the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at 0.5 A g-1and, (c) The Nyquist plots of different samples (a) CV curves at scan rates from 5 to 100 m Vs-1 and, (b) the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves from 0.5 to 10 A g-1 for the mACEG sample and, (c) the specific capacitance as function of the current density (a) EIS plot and fitting curve, (b) the real and the imaginary part of the material capacitance as a function of frequency and, (c) Bode phase angle of mACEG 17 % 128 28 %

Influence of electron irradiation exposure on full cell

47

Laplace DLTS spectra of the radiation-induced E3 defect in GaAs (n-type GaAs (doped to 1 x 1015 cm-3 with Si))

48

(a) and (b) full and zoom part of CV curves at scan rates 20 m Vs-1 and, (c) and (d) full and zoom part of galvanostatic charge/discharge curves from 0.5 A g-1 of the PPAC cell during radiation and after radiation time (a) Capacitance versus time, (b) normalized energy density versus time, (c) EIS plot and (d) Bode phase angle of sample during radiation and after radiation time

49

3D Simulation of supercapacitor

Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance

• f activated carbon-based supercapacitor.

3D Simulation of supercapacitor Making supercapacitors Investigate effect of radiation

Using supercapacitor in real application

Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

Using supercapacitor in real application

Battery/Supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles

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Hybrid Energy Storage System On-board EMS Power electronics Electric vehicle Motion controller

EV motion dynamics

51

SC modeling

Controller design

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Speed tracking

Ensures dynamic response of the vehicle

Battery protection

Prolongs battery life, reduces costs

Control objectives

Current limits SOC limits Velocity limit

Constraints Model predictive control

Ability to look-ahead Constraints handling in the design

Receding horizon control procedure

Define Solve Implement

Control method

Simulation setup

53

Parameters

❑ The urban dynamometer driving schedule ❑ The European extra urban driving cycle

Driving cycles

battery → low frequency power std(vr− v) = 0.56 m/s max(|vr −v|) = 6.16 m/s battery → low frequency power std(vr− v) = 0.03 m/s max(|vr −v|) = 1.21 m/s

UDDS results

EUDC results

54

battery → low frequency power std(vr− v) = 0.09 m/s max(|vr −v|) = 0.93 m/s

01 01 02 02 03 03

Battery supercapacitor HESS

Supercapacitors helps to reduce abrupt charge/discharge of batteries Has the advantage of both longer drive range and better dynamic control

The MPC controller

Shown to be effective Good speed tracking and power split control

Performance vs. driving cycle

The performance of the vehicle is directly affected by the driving cycle The smoother the speed profile, the better the control