Summary of MAC protocols What do you do with a shared media? - PDF document

Summary of MAC protocols • What do you do with a shared media? – Channel Partitioning, by time, frequency or code • Time Division,Code Division, Frequency Division – Random partitioning (dynamic), Medium Access Protocols • ALOHA, S-ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD • carrier sensing: easy in some technologies (wire), hard in others (wireless) • CSMA/CD used in Ethernet – Taking Turns • polling from a central cite, token passing LAN technologies LAN Addresses and ARP Data link layer so far: 32-bit IP address: – services, error detection/correction, multiple • network-layer address access • used to get datagram to destination network Next: LAN technologies LAN (or MAC or physical) address: – addressing • used to get datagram from one interface to another – Ethernet physically-connected interface (same network) – hubs, bridges, switches – 802.11 • 48 bit MAC address (for most LANs) – PPP burned in the adapter ROM – ATM LAN Addresses and ARP LAN Address (more) Each adapt er on LAN has unique LAN addr ess • MAC address allocation administered by IEEE • manufacturer buys portion of MAC address space (to assure uniqueness) • Analogy: (a) MAC address: like Social Security Number (b) IP address: like postal address • MAC flat address => portability – can move LAN card from one LAN to another • IP hierarchical address NOT portable – depends on network to which one attaches

ARP protocol Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • A knows B's IP address, wants to learn physical address of B ARP Query What is the Ethernet Address of 130.245.20.2 • A broadcasts ARP query pkt, containing B's IP address Ethernet – all machines on LAN receive ARP query • B receives ARP packet, replies to A with its (B's) physical layer address ARP Response IP Source IP Destination 0A:03:23:65:09:FB IP: 130.245.20.1 IP: 130.245.20.2 Ethernet: 0A:03:21:60:09:FA Ethernet: 0A:03:23:65:09:FB • A caches (saves) IP-to-physical address pairs until information becomes old (times out) • Maps IP addresses to Ethernet Addresses – soft state: information that times out (goes • ARP responses are cached away) unless refreshed Ethernet Ethernet Frame Structure “ dominant” LAN technology: Sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or • cheap $20 for 100Mbs! other network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame • first widely used LAN technology • Simpler, cheaper than token ring LANs and ATM • Kept up with speed race: 10, 100, 1000 Mbps Preamble: • 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by Met calf e’s Et her net sket ch one byte with pattern 10101011 • used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates Ethernet Frame Structure (more) Ethernet: uses CSMA/CD • Addresses: 6 bytes, frame is received by all A : sense channel, if idle adapters on a LAN and dropped if address does not then { match transmit and monitor the channel; I f det ect anot her t r ansmission • Type/length: indicates the higher layer protocol, then { mostly IP but others may be supported such as abor t and send j am signal; updat e # collisions; Novell IPX and AppleTalk) delay as r equir ed by exponent ial backof f algor it hm; • CRC: checked at receiver, if error is detected, the got o A } frame is simply dropped else {done wit h t he f r ame; set collisions t o zer o} } else {wait until ongoing transmission is over and goto A}

Ethernet Technologies: 10Base2 Ethernet’s CSMA/CD (more) • 10: 10Mbps; 2: under 200 meters max cable length Jam Signal: make sure all other transmitters are aware • thin coaxial cable in a bus topology of collision; 48 bits; Exponential Backoff: • Goal : adapt retransmission attempts to estimated current load – heavy load: random wait will be longer • first collision: choose K from {0,1}; delay is K x 512 bit transmission times • after second collision: choose K from {0,1,2,3}… • repeaters used to connect up to multiple segments • after ten or more collisions, choose K from • repeater repeats bits it hears on one interface to its {0,1,2,3,4,…,1023} other interfaces: physical layer device only! 10BaseT and 100BaseT 10BaseT and 100BaseT (more) • 10/100 Mbps rate; latter called “fast ethernet” • Max distance from node to Hub is 100 meters • T stands for Twisted Pair • Hub can disconnect “jabbering adapter • Hub to which nodes are connected by twisted pair, • Hub can gather monitoring information, statistics for thus “star topology” display to LAN administrators • CSMA/CD implemented at hub Gbit Ethernet Token Passing: IEEE802.5 standard • 4 Mbps • use standard Ethernet frame format • max token holding time: 10 ms, limiting frame length • allows for point-to-point links and shared broadcast channels • in shared mode, CSMA/CD is used; short distances between nodes to be efficient • SD, ED mark start, end of packet • uses hubs, called “Buffered Distributors” • AC: access control byte: • Full-Duplex at 1 Gbps for point-to-point links – token bit: value 0 means token can be seized, value 1 means data follows FC – priority bits: priority of packet – reservation bits: station can write these bits to prevent stations with lower priority packet from seizing token after token becomes free

Token Passing: IEEE802.5 standard Interconnecting LANs Q: Why not just one big LAN? • Limited amount of supportable traffic: on single LAN, all stations must share bandwidth • FC: frame control used for monitoring and • limited length: 802.3 specifies maximum cable maintenance length • source, destination address: 48 bit physical address, • large “collision domain” (can collide with many as in Ethernet stations) • data: packet from network layer • limited number of stations: 802.5 have token • checksum: CRC passing delays at each station • FS: frame status: set by dest., read by sender – set to indicate destination up, frame copied OK from ring – DLC-level ACKing Hubs Hubs (more) • Physical Layer devices: essentially repeaters • Each connected LAN referred to as LAN segment operating at bit levels: repeat received bits on one interface to all other interfaces • Hubs do not isolate collision domains: node may collide with any node residing at any segment in LAN • Hubs can be arranged in a hierarchy (or • Hub Advantages: multi-tier design), with backbone hub at its top – simple, inexpensive device – Multi-tier provides graceful degradation: portions of the LAN continue to operate if one hub malfunctions – extends maximum distance between node pairs (100m per Hub) Hub limitations Bridges • single collision domain results in no increase in max • Link Layer devices: operate on Ethernet frames, throughput examining frame header and selectively forwarding – multi-tier throughput same as single segment throughput frame based on its destination • individual LAN restrictions pose limits on number of nodes in • Bridge isolates collision domains since it buffers same collision domain and on total allowed geographical frames coverage • When frame is to be forwarded on segment, bridge • cannot connect different Ethernet types (e.g., 10BaseT and uses CSMA/CD to access segment and transmit 100baseT)

Bridges (more) Bridges: frame filtering, forwarding • Bridge advantages: • bridges filter packets – Isolates collision domains resulting in higher total max – same-LAN -segment frames not forwarded onto throughput, and does not limit the number of nodes nor other LAN segments geographical coverage • forwarding: – Can connect different type Ethernet since it is a store and – how to know which LAN segment on which to forward device forward frame? – Transparent: no need for any change to hosts LAN – looks like a routing problem (more shortly!) adapters Backbone Bridge Interconnection Without Backbone • Not recommended for two reasons: - single point of failure at Computer Science hub - all traffic between EE and SE must path over CS segment Bridge Filtering Bridge Filtering • filtering procedure: • bridges learn which hosts can be reached through which if destination is on LAN on which frame was received interfaces: maintain filtering tables then drop the frame – when frame received, bridge “learns” location of else { lookup filtering table sender: incoming LAN segment if entry found for destination – records sender location in filtering table then f orwar d t he f rame on int er f ace indicat ed; else f lood; / * f orwar d on all but t he int er f ace on • filtering table entry: which t he f r ame arr ived* / – (Node LAN Address, Bridge Interface, Time Stamp) } – stale entries in Filtering Table dropped (TTL can be 60 minutes)