STEAMING TOWARD WAR: ON THE ROAD TO PEARL HARBOR THE JAPANESE AND - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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STEAMING TOWARD WAR: ON THE ROAD TO PEARL HARBOR THE JAPANESE AND - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 30, 2022 219 likes •462 views

STEAMING TOWARD WAR: ON THE ROAD TO PEARL HARBOR THE JAPANESE AND AMERICAN NAVIES 1 1922: The Washington Treaty Constrains Force Levels Battleship Ratio is 5 to 3 in Favor of the US Navy Battleship Tosa, used as a target in 1924-1925 2 The

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STEAMING TOWARD WAR: ON THE ROAD TO PEARL HARBOR

THE JAPANESE AND AMERICAN NAVIES

1

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1922: The Washington Treaty Constrains Force Levels Battleship Ratio is 5 to 3 in Favor of the US Navy

Battleship Tosa, used as a target in 1924-1925

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Battlecruiser Akagi being rebuilt as an aircraft carrier The Two Navies Adapt

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Japanese Naval Strategy: Initially Wait and React to US Move Japanese Operational Approach: Aggressive Defense Based on Cumulative Attrition of US Battleships Japanese Tactical Doctrine: Daytime Submarine Attacks and Night Torpedo Attacks by Cruisers and Destroyers

Heavy Cruiser Aoba

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US Naval Strategy: Offensive, to Blockade Japan US Operational Approach: Aggressive Movement into Japanese Waters to Force an Major Fleet Engagement US Tactical Doctrine: Repel Torpedo Attacks; Maneuver Away from Japanese Night Battle Formations

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The Clash of Battlefleets: Planned but Not Executed

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Why Wasn’t It Executed? Air Power. Kaga 1937.

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TBD-1s on Saratoga 1938.

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Nevada at Pearl Harbor 6 IJN Carriers, 353 Aircraft

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Learning to Fight:

USN Interwar Doctrinal Development

Trent Hone @Honer_CUT

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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In the early years of the 20th century the U.S. Navy developed a sophisticated learning system that led to repeated doctrinal innovations

How was this done?

The U.S. Navy’s Learning System

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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“Planning System”

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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Interwar Learning Cycles

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

Chief of Naval Operations Fleet Command Naval War College General Board

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Annual Cycles of Exercises

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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Fleet Problems

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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1919: Principles of War

  • 1. The Objective
  • 2. The Offensive
  • 3. Superiority
  • 4. Security
  • 5. Surprise
  • 6. Simplicity
  • 7. Movement
  • 8. Economy of

Force

  • 9. Cooperation

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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New Tactical Approaches

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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1930: Vocabulary for Battle Plans

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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Tactical Heuristics

  • Aggressive Action to Seize the Initiative
  • Attack Effectively First

– Long Range Gunnery – Carrier Strikes – Night Battle Practice

  • Decentralized Decision-Making

(and Doctrinal Development)

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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By 1941…

  • Learning system is well-established
  • Doctrine presents a diverse set of options

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

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1942: Carrier Raids

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

Remaining Options Exploited

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1942: Guadalcanal

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

Heuristics Prove Effective

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1943: Learning System

Trent Hone | @Honer_CUT

Lessons from First Year of War Exploited