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Split-scope definites How the can mean two things at once Dylan Bumford 18 February 2016 New York University Definite description Wisdom: the NP refers to the single salient NP in the context the hat = x , where x is

  1. Split-scope definites How ‘the’ can mean two things at once Dylan Bumford 18 February 2016 New York University

  2. Definite description Wisdom: ‘the NP’ refers to the single salient ‘NP’ in the context � the hat � = x , where x is the unique relevant hat Proposal: Definite determination split into two subprocesses. � the hat � = one ( · · · ( some hat )) When things intervene, ‘the hat’ may end up one among many Payoffs: • Haddock readings • Relative superlatives • Possibly other strange readings of quantificational adjectives • Emerging uniformity in the theory of cardinal modification 1/17

  3. Definite description Wisdom: ‘the NP’ refers to the single salient ‘NP’ in the context � the hat � = x , where x is the unique relevant hat Proposal: Definite determination split into two subprocesses. � the hat � = one ( · · · ( some hat )) When things intervene, ‘the hat’ may end up one among many Payoffs: • Haddock readings • Relative superlatives • Possibly other strange readings of quantificational adjectives • Emerging uniformity in the theory of cardinal modification 1/17

  4. Definite description Wisdom: ‘the NP’ refers to the single salient ‘NP’ in the context � the hat � = x , where x is the unique relevant hat Proposal: Definite determination split into two subprocesses. � the hat � = one ( · · · ( some hat )) When things intervene, ‘the hat’ may end up one among many Payoffs: • Haddock readings • Relative superlatives • Possibly other strange readings of quantificational adjectives • Emerging uniformity in the theory of cardinal modification 1/17

  5. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite (2) the table with the apple and the banana [Horacek 1995] Nothing especially salient about the relevant fruit 2/17

  6. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite (2) the table with the apple and the banana [Horacek 1995] Nothing especially salient about the relevant fruit 2/17

  7. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite (2) the table with the apple and the banana [Horacek 1995] Nothing especially salient about the relevant fruit 2/17

  8. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite (2) the table with the apple and the banana [Horacek 1995] Nothing especially salient about the relevant fruit 2/17

  9. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite (2) the table with the apple and the banana [Horacek 1995] Nothing especially salient about the relevant fruit 2/17

  10. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite 2/17

  11. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite Constraint Satisfaction Problem x y Unique x and y satisfying these simultaneous rabbit x constraints x in · · · Noncompositional. Worse, circular! hat y 2/17

  12. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite Constraint Satisfaction Problem x y Unique x and y satisfying these simultaneous rabbit x constraints x in · · · Noncompositional. Worse, circular! hat y 2/17

  13. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite Constraint Satisfaction Problem x y Unique x and y satisfying these simultaneous rabbit x constraints x in · · · Noncompositional. Worse, circular! hat y 2/17

  14. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite Constraint Satisfaction Problem x y Unique x and y satisfying these simultaneous rabbit x constraints x in y Noncompositional. Worse, circular! hat y 2/17

  15. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite Constraint Satisfaction Problem x y Unique x and y satisfying these simultaneous rabbit x constraints x in y Noncompositional. Worse, circular! hat y 2/17

  16. Haddock descriptions (1) the rabbit in the hat [Haddock 1987] What about H2? cf. # The hat is my favorite Constraint Satisfaction Problem x y Unique x and y satisfying these simultaneous rabbit x constraints x in y Noncompositional. Worse, circular! hat y 2/17

  17. Relative superlatives (2) the girl who got the fewest leters [Szabolcsi 1986] (3) a. * When was there the rabbit in the garden? b. When were there the most rabbits in the garden? (4) the rabbit in the biggest hat 3/17

  18. Relative superlatives (2) the girl who got the fewest leters [Szabolcsi 1986] ??? ???? (3) a. * When was there the rabbit in the garden? b. When were there the most rabbits in the garden? (4) the rabbit in the biggest hat 3/17

  19. Relative superlatives (2) the girl who got the fewest leters [Szabolcsi 1986] ??? ???? (3) a. * When was there the rabbit in the garden? b. When were there the most rabbits in the garden? (4) the rabbit in the biggest hat 3/17

  20. Relative superlatives (2) the girl who got the fewest leters [Szabolcsi 1986] ??? ???? (3) a. * When was there the rabbit in the garden? b. When were there the most rabbits in the garden? (4) the rabbit in the biggest hat 3/17

  21. Relative superlatives (2) the girl who got the fewest leters [Szabolcsi 1986] ??? ???? (3) a. * When was there the rabbit in the garden? b. When were there the most rabbits in the garden? (4) the rabbit in the biggest hat 3/17

  22. Relative superlatives (2) the girl who got the fewest leters [Szabolcsi 1986] ??? ???? (3) a. * When was there the rabbit in the garden? b. When were there the most rabbits in the garden? (4) the rabbit in the biggest hat 3/17

  23. Relative superlatives via constraint satisfaction? x y rabbit x (5) the rabbit in the biggest hat x in hat y 4/17

  24. Relative superlatives via constraint satisfaction? x y rabbit x (5) the rabbit in the biggest hat x in · · · hat y 4/17

  25. Relative superlatives via constraint satisfaction? x y rabbit x (5) the rabbit in the biggest hat x in · · · hat y 4/17

  26. Relative superlatives via constraint satisfaction? x y rabbit x (5) the rabbit in the biggest hat x in · · · hat y 4/17

  27. Relative superlatives via constraint satisfaction? x y rabbit x (5) the rabbit in the biggest hat x in y hat y 4/17

  28. Relative superlatives via constraint satisfaction? x y rabbit x (5) the rabbit in the biggest hat x in y hat y 4/17

  29. Decomposing definiteness The basic idea: definiteness is a two-step process if � � { g ν | g ∈ G } �   � �   � = 1 G    # otherwise { ν �→ x | hat x } 1 ν the ν hat some ν 5/17

  30. Decomposing definiteness The basic idea: definiteness is a two-step process if � � { g ν | g ∈ G } �   � �   � = 1 G    # otherwise { ν �→ x | hat x } 1 ν the ν hat some ν 5/17

  31. Decomposing definiteness Dynamic Semantics • Denotations are sets of assignments The basic idea: definiteness is a two-step process • Indefinites introduce nondeterministic referents if � � { g ν | g ∈ G } �   � �   � = 1 G    # otherwise { ν �→ x | hat x } 1 ν the ν hat some ν 5/17

  32. Decomposing definiteness Dynamic Semantics • Denotations are sets of assignments The basic idea: definiteness is a two-step process • Indefinites introduce nondeterministic referents if � � { g ν | g ∈ G } �   � �   � = 1 G    # otherwise { ν �→ x | hat x } 1 ν the ν hat some ν 5/17

  33. Decomposing definiteness Dynamic Semantics • Denotations are sets of assignments The basic idea: definiteness is a two-step process • Indefinites introduce nondeterministic referents if � � { g ν | g ∈ G } �   � �   � = 1 G    # otherwise { ν �→ x | hat x } 1 ν the ν hat some ν 5/17

  34. Decomposing definiteness The basic idea: definiteness is a two-step process if � � { g ν | g ∈ G } �   � �   � = 1 G    # otherwise { ν �→ x | hat x } 1 ν the ν hat some ν 5/17

  35. Decomposing definiteness The basic idea: definiteness is a two-step process if � � { g ν | g ∈ G } �   � �   � = 1 G    # otherwise { ν �→ x | hat x } 1 ν the ν hat some ν 5/17

  36. Teasing the pieces apart (6) the [rabbit in the hat] (7) the [rabbit in the biggest hat] 6/17

  37. Teasing the pieces apart some some (6) the [rabbit in the hat] one one (7) the [rabbit in the biggest hat] 6/17

  38. Teasing the pieces apart (6) one [ some rabbit in [ one [ some hat]]] (7) the [rabbit in the biggest hat] 6/17

  39. Teasing the pieces apart some some (6) the [rabbit in the hat] one one (7) the [rabbit in the biggest hat] 6/17

  40. Teasing the pieces apart some some (6) one [ one [ some rabbit in some hat]] one one (7) the [rabbit in the biggest hat] 6/17

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