SPEED , the tool for designing electrical machines Markus Anders, CD-adapco
The Electrical Machine – a historical review 1800 For the first time Allessandro Volta (Italian) produces a continuous electrical power (as opposed to a spark or static electricity) from a stack of silver and zinc plates. 1820 Hans Christian Oersted (Danish) finds the generation of a magnetic field by electric currents by observation of the deflection of a compass needle. This was the first time a mechanical movement was caused by an electric current. 1821 Michael Faraday (British) creates two experiments for the demonstration of electromagnetic rotation. A vertically suspended wire moves in a circular orbit around a magnet. 1827 Istvan Jedlik (Hungarian) invents the first rotary machine with electromagnets and a commutator. 1831 Michael Faraday (British) discovers and investigates I. Jedlik electromagnetic induction, i.e. the generation of an electric current due to a varying magnetic field (the reversal of Oersted's discovery). Faraday lays the foundation for the development of the electric generator. Joseph Henry (US-American) finds the induction law independent of Faraday and builds a small magnetic rocker. 1832 First description of a real rotating electrical machine by P.M. , Frederick Mc-Clintock (Irishman ), Philosophical Magazine, p.161-162 1834 The first real electric motor: Moritz Hermann Jacobi (Prussian, naturalized Russian) starts with experiments on a horseshoe-shaped electromagnet in early 1833 in Königsberg, which he completes in May 1834. His motor lifts a weight of 10 to 12 pounds with a speed of one foot per second, which is equivalent to about 15 watts of mechanical power. Source: Elektrotechnisches Institut (ETI) , History - The invention of the electric motor 1800-1854 http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php
The Electrical Machine – a historical review 1856 Werner Siemens (German) invents the electric generator with a double-T armature winding. He is the first one to place a winding into slots. 1861-1864 James Clark Maxwell (British) summarizes all the current knowledge of electromagnetism in four fundamental equations . These equations are still valid today and fully describe the theory of Electrical Engineering. 1882-1889 Nikola Tesla (Croatian, naturalized US-American) already thinks about a multi-phase voltage system while studying in Graz / Austria in 1882. 1885 Galileo Ferraris (Italian) builds the first induction motor. Like Tesla, he uses two phases. 1887-1888 Friedrich August Haselwander (German) from Offenburg/Baden is the first one with the idea to use a three-phase alternating current system in July 1887. He builds the first three- phase synchronous generator with salient poles. 1889-1891 Michael Dolivo-Dobrowolsky (Russian, naturalized Swiss) • improves the basic ideas of Tesla and Ferraris and constructs the three-phase cage induction motor , which is still widely used even today. Also, the three-phase slip ring induction motor with starting resistances is later invented by him. • Dobrovolsky is the first to realize, that a three-phase system connected in star or delta requires only three lines and thus is less expensive than even a two-phase system (which uses four wires). • Under the leadership of Dolivo-Dobrowolsky and together with the Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon and its chief engineer Charles E.L. Brown, the AEG builds the first three-phase electric power transmission in 1891 via 175 km from Lauffen to Frankfurt am Main, which later reached a remarkable efficiency of 96%. Source: Elektrotechnisches Institut (ETI) , History - The invention of the electric motor 1800-1854 http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php
The Electrical Machine – the basic definitions and function Basic definition: • A motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. • A generator (also alternator or dynamo) is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. • This can be due to rotation or translation. • A traction motor on a vehicle may perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines . Basic function: Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate an electromagnetic force .
The Electrical Machine – the main parts A simple Electric motor has the following main parts: • Rotor (turning part) carrying either • an excitation DC winding or permanent magnets or • a three phase winding or a squirrel cage or • an armature winding • Stator (fixed part) having • a stator winding (single, 2-, 3-, n-phase) or • exictation permanent magnets • a commutator: a rotary mechanical switch, which reverses the current between the external circuit and the rotor along with the • brushes, • a shaft with bearings and bearing shields, • a cooling system • a housing
The Electrical Machine – classification • They may be powered by • Electric machines may be classified by • direct current (DC), e.g. , a battery • the source of electric power, powered portable device or DC source • their internal construction, (rectified AC) or • their application, or • alternating current (AC) from a central • the type of motion they give. electrical distribution grid or inverter.
The Electrical Machine – where to find? • Electric motors stand at the heart of many different appliances and machines that we use daily. Their versatility, dependability, and economy of operation cannot be equaled by any other form of motive power. • They significantly simplifies our jobs in many domains. • The most common applications were: Aerospace Marine Automotive Medical engineering Computer & Office Optical Instruments Consumer Electronics, Public transportation Household Appliances Energy generation Research & Academia Industrial: Machine tools, fans, Semi-Conductor pumps, blowers … and more ...
The Electrical Machine – Scale: From a few mW to several GW • The smallest electric motors are mostly found on electric wristwatches. • Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. • The very largest electric motors are used for pipeline compressors, propulsion of ships and water pumps and of course as generators. Small watch motor vs. big hydroelectric generator mW & mm diameter Three Gorges Dam: 22,500 MW & several m dia.
SPEED – What does SPEED has to do with electrical machines? SPEED is the leading design software for electric machines • Detailed analytical analysis with finite-element links or finite-embedded solver for • Motors, Generators and Alternators • including inverters and other electronic controls • Over 150 corporate accounts • Over 1500 users • A Worldwide CD-adapco Direct Sales Team and additional a Distributors Network including support • Operating in all industrialized countries
The SPEED software • Analytical based so gives near instantaneous calculation speeds – input dimensions, select materials and drive and calculate performance • Initial Design – 10 Minutes • Optimized Design – within hours • Specialised user interface to ease data input and interpretation of results – dedicated geometry and winding editors – produces performance graphs to aid understanding • Detailed analysis with finite-element links or – The embedded finite-element solver for key problems
The SPEED software • Not just software, but as well as – Training, – Technical support, – Documentation (manuals, tutorials and electrical machine theory books) – Engineering services and – Consulting through the distributors
The SPEED software programs • The following machine types are available: – brushless permanent magnet and wound-field AC synchronous • PC-BDC – induction • PC-IMD – switched reluctance • PC-SRD – direct current (PM) • PC-DCM – wound field and PM commutator • PC-WFC
The SPEED Software history (main programs) 1986 – Speed Laboratory set up (University of Glasgow) 1987 – PC-SRD released (DOS) 1989 – PC-BDC released (DOS) 1992 – PC-DCM released (DOS) 1994 – PC-IMD released (DOS) 2000 – Release of full Windows versions 2004 – PC-WFC released … 2011 – CD-adapco acquired SPEED in June Present – Release versions (2012): – PC-SRD 8.8, – PC-BDC 9.1 – PC-IMD 4.2, – PC-DCM 3.9 – PC-WFC 2.7 2012 – Change of licensing system to FlexLM (April) ... Continuing development ...
SPEED PC-BDC machine types more than 40 basic standard templates
SPEED PC-IMD machine types more than 40 basic standard templates
SPEED PC-SRD machine types
SPEED PC-DCM machine types
SPEED PC-WFC machine types
SPEED – The design process 1 2 3 7 4 6 5 8
SPEED in use: Define the geometry The outline editor
SPEED in use: Definition of the winding – The winding editor
SPEED in use: Select material from the material database
SPEED in use: Definition of the material using the Data Base Manager programs
SPEED in use: The Template editor – input data for calculation options, temperature, control parameters, etc.
SPEED in use: Graphical Output – range of graphical feedback available
SPEED in use: Output design sheet – large range of numerical values available
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