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SPEED, the tool for designing electrical machines Markus Anders, CD-adapco

1800

For the first time Allessandro Volta (Italian) produces a continuous electrical power (as opposed to a spark or static electricity) from a stack of silver and zinc plates.

Source: Elektrotechnisches Institut (ETI), History - The invention of the electric motor 1800-1854 http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php

The Electrical Machine

– a historical review

1831

Michael Faraday (British) discovers and investigates electromagnetic induction, i.e. the generation of an electric current due to a varying magnetic field (the reversal of Oersted's discovery). Faraday lays the foundation for the development of the electric generator. Joseph Henry (US-American) finds the induction law independent of Faraday and builds a small magnetic rocker.

• I. Jedlik

1820

Hans Christian Oersted (Danish) finds the generation of a magnetic field by electric currents by

• bservation of the deflection of a compass needle. This was the first time a mechanical movement

was caused by an electric current.

1821

Michael Faraday (British) creates two experiments for the demonstration of electromagnetic

• rotation. A vertically suspended wire moves in a circular orbit around a magnet.

1827

Istvan Jedlik (Hungarian) invents the first rotary machine with electromagnets and a commutator.

1834

The first real electric motor: Moritz Hermann Jacobi (Prussian, naturalized Russian) starts with experiments on a horseshoe-shaped electromagnet in early 1833 in Königsberg, which he completes in May 1834. His motor lifts a weight of 10 to 12 pounds with a speed of one foot per second, which is equivalent to about 15 watts of mechanical power.

1832

First description of a real rotating electrical machine by

P.M., Frederick Mc-Clintock (Irishman ), Philosophical

Magazine, p.161-162

1856

Werner Siemens (German) invents the electric generator with a double-T armature winding. He is the first one to place a winding into slots.

Source: Elektrotechnisches Institut (ETI), History - The invention of the electric motor 1800-1854 http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php

The Electrical Machine

– a historical review

1861-1864 James Clark Maxwell (British) summarizes all the current knowledge of electromagnetism in four fundamental equations. These equations are still valid today and fully describe the

theory of Electrical Engineering.

1882-1889 Nikola Tesla (Croatian, naturalized US-American) already thinks about a multi-phase voltage

system while studying in Graz / Austria in 1882.

1885

Galileo Ferraris (Italian) builds the first induction motor. Like Tesla, he uses two phases.

1887-1888 Friedrich August Haselwander (German) from Offenburg/Baden is the first one with the

idea to use a three-phase alternating current system in July 1887. He builds the first three- phase synchronous generator with salient poles.

1889-1891 Michael Dolivo-Dobrowolsky (Russian, naturalized Swiss)

• improves the basic ideas of Tesla and Ferraris and constructs the three-phase cage

induction motor, which is still widely used even today. Also, the three-phase slip ring induction motor with starting resistances is later invented by him.

• Dobrovolsky is the first to realize, that a three-phase system connected in star or delta

requires only three lines and thus is less expensive than even a two-phase system (which uses four wires).

• Under the leadership of Dolivo-Dobrowolsky and together with the Maschinenfabrik

Oerlikon and its chief engineer Charles E.L. Brown, the AEG builds the first three-phase electric power transmission in 1891 via 175 km from Lauffen to Frankfurt am Main, which later reached a remarkable efficiency of 96%.

Basic definition:

• A motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• A generator (also alternator or dynamo) is a machine that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy.

• This can be due to rotation or translation.
• A traction motor on a vehicle may perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are

commonly referred to as electric machines.

Basic function:

Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate an electromagnetic force.

The Electrical Machine

– the basic definitions and function

The Electrical Machine

– the main parts

A simple Electric motor has the following main parts:

• Rotor (turning part) carrying either
• an excitation DC winding or permanent magnets or
• a three phase winding or a squirrel cage or
• an armature winding
• Stator (fixed part) having
• a stator winding (single, 2-, 3-, n-phase) or
• exictation permanent magnets
• a commutator: a rotary mechanical switch, which reverses

the current between the external circuit and the rotor along with the

• brushes,
• a shaft with bearings

and bearing shields,

• a cooling system
• a housing

• Electric machines may be classified by
• the source of electric power,
• their internal construction,
• their application, or
• the type of motion they give.

The Electrical Machine

– classification

• They may be powered by
• direct current (DC), e.g., a battery

powered portable device or DC source (rectified AC) or

• alternating current (AC) from a central

electrical distribution grid or inverter.

Aerospace Automotive Computer & Office Consumer Electronics, Household Appliances Energy generation Industrial: Machine tools, fans, pumps, blowers Marine Medical engineering Optical Instruments Public transportation Research & Academia Semi-Conductor … and more ...

• Electric motors stand at the heart of many different appliances and machines that we

use daily. Their versatility, dependability, and economy of operation cannot be equaled by any other form of motive power.

• They significantly simplifies our jobs in many domains.
• The most common applications were:

The Electrical Machine

– where to find?

• The smallest electric motors are mostly found on electric wristwatches.

The Electrical Machine

– Scale: From a few mW to several GW

• Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide

convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. Small watch motor vs. big hydroelectric generator mW & mm diameter Three Gorges Dam: 22,500 MW & several m dia.

• The very largest electric motors are used for pipeline compressors, propulsion of ships and

water pumps and of course as generators.

SPEED

– What does SPEED has to do with electrical machines?

SPEED is the leading design software for electric machines

• Detailed analytical analysis with finite-element links or finite-embedded

solver for

• Motors, Generators and Alternators
• including inverters and other electronic controls
• Over 150 corporate accounts
• Over 1500 users
• A Worldwide CD-adapco Direct Sales Team and additional a Distributors

Network including support

• Operating in all industrialized countries

• Analytical based so gives near instantaneous calculation speeds

– input dimensions, select materials and drive and calculate performance

• Initial Design – 10 Minutes
• Optimized Design – within hours
• Specialised user interface to ease data input and interpretation of

results

– dedicated geometry and winding editors – produces performance graphs to aid understanding

• Detailed analysis with finite-element links or

– The embedded finite-element solver for key problems

The SPEED software

• Not just software, but as well as

– Training, – Technical support, – Documentation (manuals, tutorials and electrical machine theory books) – Engineering services and – Consulting through the distributors

The SPEED software

• The following machine types are available:

– brushless permanent magnet and wound-field AC synchronous

• PC-BDC

– induction

• PC-IMD

– switched reluctance

• PC-SRD

– direct current (PM)

• PC-DCM

– wound field and PM commutator

• PC-WFC

The SPEED software programs

The SPEED Software history (main programs)

1986 – Speed Laboratory set up (University of Glasgow) 1987 – PC-SRD released (DOS) 1989 – PC-BDC released (DOS) 1992 – PC-DCM released (DOS) 1994 – PC-IMD released (DOS) 2000 – Release of full Windows versions 2004 – PC-WFC released … 2011 – CD-adapco acquired SPEED in June Present – Release versions (2012): – PC-SRD 8.8, – PC-BDC 9.1 – PC-IMD 4.2, – PC-DCM 3.9 – PC-WFC 2.7 2012 – Change of licensing system to FlexLM (April) ... Continuing development ...

SPEED PC-BDC machine types

more than 40 basic standard templates

SPEED PC-IMD machine types

more than 40 basic standard templates

SPEED PC-SRD machine types

SPEED PC-DCM machine types

SPEED PC-WFC machine types

SPEED

– The design process

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

SPEED in use: Define the geometry The outline editor

SPEED in use: Definition of the winding – The winding editor

SPEED in use: Select material from the material database

SPEED in use: Definition of the material using the Data Base Manager programs

SPEED in use: The Template editor – input data for

calculation options, temperature, control parameters, etc.

SPEED in use: Graphical Output –

range of graphical feedback available

SPEED in use: Output design sheet –

large range of numerical values available

SPEED in use: GoFER

Go to Finite-Elements and Return … or use the embedded FE-solver directly (PC-BDC)

ActiveX links allows

automated linkage to other software packages such as

Visual Basic, Matlab, Motor-CAD and more …

SPEED in use: Scripting (ActiveX)

SPEED and STAR-CCM+

– the combined workflow for Electrical Machines

Initial design with SPEED PC-FEA: Loss table calculation Reading the SPEED geometry and the loss distribution Running the final advanced thermal calculation.

Temperatures impact life time, reliability, cost & size

Marketing “Electrical machine design” Website www.speed-emachine-design.com :