SPE LONDON MEETINGS 2013 SUBSEA PRODUCTION AND FLOW ASSURANCE BY; - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SPE LONDON MEETINGS 2013 SUBSEA PRODUCTION AND FLOW ASSURANCE BY; - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SPE LONDON MEETINGS 2013 SUBSEA PRODUCTION AND FLOW ASSURANCE BY; SACHA SARSHAR,CALTEC www.caltec.com SUBSEA PRODUCTION &FLOW ASSURANCE WHY SUBSEA PRODUCTION ? KEY PARAMETERS SUBSEA PROCESSING OPTIONS FLOW ASSURANCE IN WELLS

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SLIDE 1

SPE LONDON MEETINGS 2013

SUBSEA PRODUCTION AND FLOW ASSURANCE

BY; SACHA SARSHAR,CALTEC

www.caltec.com

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SLIDE 2

SUBSEA PRODUCTION &FLOW ASSURANCE

  • WHY SUBSEA PRODUCTION ?
  • KEY PARAMETERS
  • SUBSEA PROCESSING OPTIONS
  • FLOW ASSURANCE IN WELLS
  • FLOW ASSURANCE IN SUBSEA PIPELINES/RISERS
  • HISTORY OF SS SEPARATION & BOOSTING SYSTEMS
  • FIELD EXAMPLES
  • THE FUTURE NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS
  • TECHNOLOGY GAPS/CONCLUSIONS
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SLIDE 3

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 3

A TYPICAL SUBSEA PRODUCTION SYSTEM DEEP WATER APPLICATION Production, manifolding, gas lift, water injection, ,separation, pumping, compression

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SLIDE 4

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 4

A TYPICAL SUBSEA PRODUCTION SYSTEM

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SLIDE 5

WHY SUBSEA PRODUCTION?,KEY PARAMETERS

  • DEEP/DEEPER WATER FIELDS,HIGH COST OF MORE

THAN ONE DEDICATED PRODUCTION PLATFORMS

  • SHALLOW TO MEDIUM WATER DEPTH; TRANSPORT

OF FLUIDS FROM SATELLITES OR NEW FIELDS TO A HOST PLATFORM

  • HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS, LONG DISTANCE

TRANSPORT TO A MORE BENIGN ENVIRONMENT

  • DEEP WATER/LONG DISTANCE PIPELINES, PRESSURE

LOSS RESTRICTING PRODUCTION &RECOVERY+OTHER FLOW ASSURANCE PROBLEMS

  • RISER GENERATED PROBLEMS
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SLIDE 6

SUBSEA PRODUCTION,MAIN BENEFITS

  • INCREASED TOTAL RECOVERY
  • ENABLING PRODUCTION FROM DEEP

WATERS AND HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS

  • LOWER CAPEX/OPEX-CONVENTIONAL

PRODUCTION PLATFORMS IN DEEP WATERS HAVE MUCH HIGHER CAPEX &OPEX

  • ENABLES LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF

FLUIDS TO EXISTING HOST PLATFORMS

  • HSE BENEFITS

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 6

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SLIDE 7

MAIN CAUSES OF RESTRICTIONS TO PRODUCTION & TOTAL RECOVERY

  • Low reservoir pressure/aging field
  • Tight, fragmented resevoirs,poor Permeability /PI
  • Deep reservoirs/deep wells-long flow path
  • Low GOR /liquid loading
  • Rising water cut
  • Long distance transport (Satellites)
  • High density and viscosity oil
  • Poor well inflow characteristics
  • Topside Process system pressure requirements
  • Hostile environments ,e.g. Arctic

A boosting system is therefore needed to maintain

  • r increase production and total recovery
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SLIDE 8

HOW TO MAINTAIN PRODUCTION AND IMPROVE RECOVERY

Primary recovery

Natural flow

Artificial lift

Others

RR 50% to 80% Steam, Hot water, combustion

Microbial, Acoustic, Electromagnetic

IOR EOR

Pressure Maintenance SS Production/boosting Secondary recovery Chemical

Thermal Gas injection

Rate of Recovery (RR) Less than 35% RR 30%-50% CO2,N2,etc. Alkali,Surfactant, Polymer

Surface boosting

systems

Tertiary recovery

WATER FLOODING

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SLIDE 9

SOLUTIONS TO MAINTAIN OR BOOST PRODUCTION AND TOTAL RECOVERY

  • MAINTAIN RESERVOIR PRESSURE. E.G. WATER INJECTION
  • IOR and EOR TECHNIQUES
  • ENHANCE INFLOW CONDITIONS E.G. ACIDIZE/FRACKING.
  • DOWNHOLE ARTIFICIAL LIFT;GAS LIFT,ESPS, FOAM INJECTION
  • ETC. PROBLEMS OF HORIZONTAL WELLS
  • SUBSEA PRODUCTION &BOOSTING-DEEP OR HOSTILE WATERS
  • EXTENDED REACH HORIZONTAL WELLS
  • LOWER FLOWING WELLHEAD PRESSURE (FWHP)-VARIOUS

METHODS ,INCLUDING SURFACE JET PUMP (SJP)SYSTEMS

SOLUTIONS DICTATED BY ECONOMICS ,RISKS AND FIELD/PLATFORM CONSTRAINTS.

Combined solutions are often needed

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 9

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SLIDE 10

PRODUCTION FLOW PATH

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 10

RESERVOIR WELLHEAD PIPELINE MANIFOLD PIPELINE SLUG CATCHER RISER TOPSIDE PROCESS EXPORT WELL BORE SS BOOSTING

IOR/EOR 4D- SESMICS

  • ARTIFICIAL

LIFT

  • EXTENDED

REACH

  • FLOW

ENHANCING SOLUTIONS

  • XMAS TREE
  • INJECTION

SYSTEM

  • PRESSURE LOSS
  • FLOW REGIME/SLUGS
  • TEMPERATURE
  • CORROSION
  • EROSION
  • NASTIES;WAX,SCALE..

,ETC

  • PIPELINE INTEGRITY
  • CONNECTORS
  • VALVES
  • INSTRUMENTS
  • METERING
  • FRAME
  • MPH PUMPS
  • SS SEP`N+

PUMP.

  • GAS

COMPRESSION AS ABOVE

  • SLUG CATCHER
  • L.PUMPING
  • SLUGGING
  • DP
  • INTEGRITY
  • PROCESS
  • BOOSTING

SYSTEMS

  • PUMPING

COMP`N

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SLIDE 11

COMMON SS COMPONENTS/ISSUES

  • MODULARISATION
  • CONNECTORS
  • INSTRUMENTS
  • POWER SUPPLY (ELECTRIC,EH,HYDRAULIC)
  • DATA TRANSMISSION
  • ACCESS
  • IMR/SERVICE VESSEL REQUIREMENTS

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 11

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SLIDE 12

MODULARISATION

February 13 Presentation title

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SLIDE 13

SUBSEA TEMPLATE AND MODULES INSTALLATION AND RETRIEVAL

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 13

MOON POOL

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SLIDE 14

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 14

MULTI-BORE SS CONNECTOR KEY FEATURES;

  • MULTIBORE
  • SEALS
  • ACTUATORS
  • ELECTRIC/HYDRAULIC

POWER

  • SHOULD BE RETRIEVABLE
  • SEALS IN RETRIEVABLE

PART

  • PURGING FEATURE
  • HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

SS MULTIBORE CONNECTOR

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SLIDE 15

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 15

EOR OPTIONS TO ENHANCE RECOVERY STATE OF ART

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SLIDE 16

WELL BORE FLOW ASSURANCE

  • MINIMISE PRESSURE LOSS
  • FLOW REGIME /PREVENT LIQUID LOADING
  • PROBLEM OF HORIZONTAL WELLS
  • ARTIFICIAL LIFT SOLUTIONS ( ESP,JET PUMP,GAS

LIFT,FOAM, ETC.)

  • VELOCITY STRING (GAS APPLICATION)
  • CHEMICALS-SALINITY REDUCING,VISCOSITY

REDUCING ETC.

  • REDUCE WELLHEAD PRESSURE

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 16

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SLIDE 17

WELLBORE, FLOW REGIME MAP

  • ARTIFICIAL LIFT METHODS
  • GAS LIFT
  • ESPs
  • CHEMICAL

INJECTION(FOAM)

  • VELOCITY

STRING (GAS)

  • JET PUMPS

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 17

Slug Annular Mist Froth Bubble

Superficial Liquid Velocity (m/s)

SUPERFICIAL GAS VELOCITY (m/s)

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SLIDE 18

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 18

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SLIDE 19

SUBSEA LIUHUA FIELD ,S-CHINA SEA

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 19

25 SS ESPs IN OPERATION FOR NINE YEARS

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SLIDE 20

FLOW THROUGH SS PIPELINES

  • PRESSURE LOSS (H.HEAD+FRICTION)
  • FLOW REGIME,SLUGGING,LIQUID BUILD-UP
  • TEMPERATURE/HYDRATES
  • NASTIES; SAND,SCALE,WAX,ASPHALTENE ETC
  • CHEMICALS,INHIBITORS,DRA, ETC.
  • PIGGING REQUIREMENTS
  • CORROSION/EROSION
  • PIPELINE INTEGRITY
  • METERING

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 20

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SLIDE 21

PRESSURE&TEMPERATURE PROFILE FOR GAS LINE

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 21

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SLIDE 22

EFFECT OF TURN DOWN IN GAS RATE

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 22

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SLIDE 23

Chevron, USA (GOM)

Solution ; HP gas from the existing compressor

  • n recycle used to power the jet pump

(Php/Plp=4.9.Qhp/Qlp= 2.11,Pd/Plp=2 ) Benefits Lowered arrival pressure at the platform by 200 psi enabling loaded wells to produce consistently

  • Higher gas velocities, lowered liquids

accumulated in the pipeline, causing a further 140psi drop at the wellhead

  • Production increased by 24% due to wellhead

pressure reduction and lower pipeline loss.

  • 2.5 Bscf of otherwise lost reserves recovered.

Export 40MMSCFD 7.4 MMSCFD 850 psig 400 psig 200 psig Ejector 1250 psig Sales Sub sea manifold Recycle gas

GEMINI

process 22 February, 2013 Presentation title 23

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SLIDE 24

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 24 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 % OF TOTAL PRESSURE DROP GAS FLOWRATE (MMSCFD)

ELEVATION FRICTION

PRESSURE LOSS DISTRIBUTION-SS GAS PRODUCTION

WATER DEPTH 2,000m

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SLIDE 25

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 25

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SLIDE 26

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 26

TYPICAL PRESSURE LOSS ALONG PIPELINES

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SLIDE 27

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 27

HIGH PRESSURE DROP DEMANDS SS BOOSTING SYSTEMS TO IMPROVE PRODUCTION &RECOVERY

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SLIDE 28

50 100 150 200 250 5 10 15 20 25

PRSSURE (BAR) TEMPERATURE (⁰C) HYDRATE FORMING REGION STABLE NON FORMING REGION

TYPICAL HYDRATE FORMATION CURVE

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SLIDE 29

IF YOU CANT MEASURE, YOU CANT CURE OR IMPROVE

  • THE NEED FOR DATA COLLECTION,

DOWNHOLE,INDIVIDUAL WELLS, SUBSEA LINE AND SUBSEA EQUIPMENT

  • RELIABLE INSTRUMENTS ARE NEEDED
  • RELIABLE DATA TRANSMISSION IS NEEDED
  • RELIABLE AND EFFICIENT DATA MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM IS NEEDED

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 29

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SLIDE 30

SUBSEA METERING/WELL TESTING

  • KNOWLEDGE OF PRODUCTION RATE OF

G/W/OIL IS IMPORTANT FOR MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION

  • METERING PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITE

WELLS IS ALSO NEEDED

  • NO RELIABLE SS MULTIPHASE METERING

SYSTEM EXISTS, BUT SOME HAVE BEEN USED

  • FOR TESTING SS WELLS A TEST MANIFOLD +

METRING SYSTEM IS NEEDED

  • ACCURACY OF METRING MAY HAVE TO BE

COMPROMISED FOR THE TIME BEING

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 30

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SLIDE 31

CHEMICAL INJECTION

A variety of chemicals are introduced at wellhead to achieve flow assurance, including;

  • HYDRATE INHIBITOR
  • CORROSION INHIBITOR
  • DRAG REDUCING AGENT

There are also chemicals injected downhole;

  • CORROSION INHIBITOR/SCALE INHIBITOR
  • WATER TO REDUCE SALINTY OF PRODUCED WATER
  • FOAMING AGENT/OTHER COCKTAILS&SOLVENTS

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 31

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SLIDE 32

PIGGING REQUIREMENTS

  • MOST PIPELINES REQUIRE PIGGING TO CLEAN

THE LINE OR TO INSPECT THE LINE INTERNALLY

  • SS PIG LAUNCHER AND RECEIVER ARE NEEDED
  • THERE IS A REASONABLE TRACK RECORD
  • INCREASE IN OPEX & CAPEX IF ALL PIGGING

SYSTEM IS SUBSEA ;

  • THERE IS EXPERIENCE IN SS PIGGING

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 32

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SLIDE 33

RISER GENERATED PROBLEMS

  • SLUG GENERATION –EFFECT OF RISER PROFILE
  • PRESSURE LOSS/ FLOW SURGE/SLUGGING
  • GAS LIFTING AT BASE OF RISER
  • SLUG CATCHER AT THE BASE OF RISER
  • RISER STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY-SLUG EFFECT
  • NEW TECHNIQUE TO MINIMISE RISER

GENERATED SLUGGING

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 33

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SLIDE 34

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 34

1984

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SLIDE 35

General Slug Control Structure Cranfield university

  • Measurement candidates:

– Different pressures – Different flow rates – Density – Levels

  • Alternative actuators

– Riser outlet choke – Gas outlet choke – Gas injection

PT FT PT PT LT PC LC DT FT FT Measurement Selection Actuator Selection

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SLIDE 36

Inferential Slug Control (ISC) on Cranfield Facility

VR

Ethernet

Neftemer DeltaV Three-phase Facility Inferential Slug Controller RS232 OPC Link Coriolis

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SLIDE 37

ISC Experimental Results

  • Qa=20 Sm3/r, Qw=2kg/s;

Top Valve stabilized around 26% of opening

PCA 3 6 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Riser Top Valve 20 35 50

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

%

Riser DP 0.5 1 1.5

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Barg

Riser Top Density

500 1000 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Time [s] kg/m3

Control Starting Point

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SLIDE 38

JET PUMP TECHNOLOGY

  • JET PUMPS HAVE POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR SUBSEA
  • BEING A PASSIVE DEVICE WITH NO MOVING PARTS ,ARE IDEAL FOR SS
  • TO COPE WITH CHANGING FIELD CONDITIONS ,TWO OR THREE UNITS

CAN BE INSTALLED

  • THEY CAN ALSO BE EASILY RETRIEVED AS A MODULE
  • THEIR MAIN USE SO FAR HAS BEEN DOWNHOLE

Removabl e Nozzle Removable Mixing tube / Diffuser

Patented Universal Design Jet Pump

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SLIDE 39

SS MULTIPHASE PUMPS

  • BASICALLY TWO TYPES;HELICO AXIAL,TWIN

SCREW- MAINLY TWO PLAYERS

  • HIGH POWER CONSUMPTION- 1 TO 3.5 MW
  • CAN TOLERATE UP TO 100% GAS FOR A SHORT

PERIOD

  • VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE IS NEEDED
  • CLAIM MTBF OF 4 TO 8 YEARS!
  • TRACK RECORD; 5-10 YEARS,BUT ONLY A FEW

UNITS HAVE BEEN INSTALLED

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 39

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SLIDE 40

COMPARISON OF POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR MPP VS SPP

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 40

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SLIDE 41

PROS AND CONS OF SS MULTIPHASE PUMPING PROS;

  • No separation of gas/liquids is needed

DISADVANTAGES;

  • Complexity of the system
  • High power requirement (200 KW to 3MW)
  • Complexities of high power supply
  • Challenges of variable speed drive
  • Heavy weight (100 to 200 tonnes)
  • Limited track record/MTBF?

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 41

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SLIDE 42

BORNEMANN SS MPHP

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 42

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SLIDE 43

SUBSEA MULTIPHASE PUMPING MODULE

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 43

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SLIDE 44

OPERATORS SUBSEA TRACK RECORD

STATOIL

  • SS PROCESSSING STARTED 1997,LUFENG FIELD
  • 500 SUBSEA WELLS
  • TARGET FOR STANDARD SS FACTORY BY 2020

PETROBRAS

  • FIRST SS SYSTEM 1979
  • 800 SS WELLS
  • 16 SS ESPS
  • FULL SS SEPARATION+ SS WATER INJECTION

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 44

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SLIDE 45

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 45

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SLIDE 46

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 46

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SLIDE 47

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 47

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SLIDE 48

TOTAL-PAZFLOR WEST AFRICA SS SEPARATION AND BOOSTING

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 48

3 IDENTICAL SS SEPARATORS EACH 800 TONNES G-L SEPARATION+ BOOSTER PUMP

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SLIDE 49

PETROBRAS TRACK RECORD

  • FIRST SS TREE 1979
  • 800 SS WELLS
  • 16 DOWNHOLE SS ESPS
  • 16 MUDLINE ESPS
  • 1 HELICOAXIAL MPP
  • 3 SS RAW WATER INJECTION
  • 1 SS SEPARATOR
  • 1 SS OIL-WATER SEP

CHALLENGES;

  • ASSETS DONT FUND DEVELOPMENT WORK
  • INTERFACES ARE TOO COMPLEX
  • TOO MUCH TOPSIDE EQUIPMENT NEEDED
  • TOO COSTLY SYSTEMS

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 49

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SLIDE 50

MARLIM SUBSEA SYSTEM ,Brazil-OIL-WATER SEP,SS OIL PUMP,SS WATER INJECTION PUMP,SS CYCLONIC WATER TREATER- 100 PPM OIW

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 50

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SLIDE 51

SUBSEA SEPARATION

  • G-L SEPARATION- GAS TRANSPORTED

UNAIDED,LIQUIDS BOOSTER FOR LIQUIDS

  • OIL-WATER SEPARATION-INJECT WATER TO

RESERVOIR

  • G-L SEPARATION- SS COMPRESSION + SS

LIQUIDS PUMPING

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 51

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SLIDE 52

FIRST SS SEPARATOR TRIALS ZAKUM FIELD-BP-1969-72

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 52

WATER DEPTH 20M !

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SLIDE 53

February 13 Presentation title

GASPS/GLASS

GA SUBSEA PRODUCTION SYSTEM

1990

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SLIDE 54

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 54

VASP SEPARATOR

ESP

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SLIDE 55

TORDIS SS SEPARATION SYSTEM

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 55

170 TONNES 9,000 sm3 /d oil 24,000 sm3 water Op.pressure;25- 40bar

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SLIDE 56

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 56

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SLIDE 57

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 57

I-SEP HI-SEP I-SEP I-SEP

HI-SEP

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SLIDE 58

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 58

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SLIDE 59

59 22/02/2013

Caltec inline Oil/Water separator (WX), Debottlenecking three phase separators

Caltec Oil-Water Separator (3750 bpd) Samples obtained: 1) Fluid from Final Polishing Unit 2) Caltec clean water outlet 3) Caltec oil outlet sample

2 1 3

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SLIDE 60

February 13 Presentation title

KAVERNER BOOSTER STATION PROTOTYPE G-L SEPARATOR COMPRESSOR DP;45 BAR QL;10,000 B/D QG;6-7 MMSCFD

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SLIDE 61

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 61

SUBSEA COMPRESSION FOR ORMAN LANGE

12.5MW PILOT SS GAS COMPRESSION SYSTEM-

  • 860 m water depth, dp 60 bar
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SLIDE 62

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 62

SUBSEA COMPRESSOR

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SLIDE 63

CHALLENGES FOR SUBSEA EQUIPMENT

  • RELIABILITY/MTBF- 5 to 8 years or longer
  • RETRIEVABILITY/ surface vessel needed
  • IMR REQUIREMENTS
  • AVAILABILITY (REDUNDANCY)
  • ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (LEAKS,RUPTURE..)
  • TRACK RECORD
  • IMPACT IF IT DOES NOT WORK
  • COST
  • ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA-APPROVALS

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 63

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SLIDE 64

KEY ISSUES AFFECTING RELIABILITY

  • RELIABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
  • SYSTEM COMPLEXITY; NUMBER OF COMPONENTS

AND THEIR FUNCTION/TYPE; MECHANICAL,ELECTRICAL,HYDRAULIC,SIGNAL,ETC

  • TOTAL SYSTEM RELIABILITY
  • REDUNDANCY
  • RETRIEVABILITY/ACCESS
  • COST OF RETRIEVAL/IMR (SERVICE VESSEL

REQUIREMENTS)

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 64

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SLIDE 65

HOW TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY AND MTBF

  • IMPROVE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
  • ADD REDUNDANCY FOR SOME KEY COMPONENTS
  • SHARE EXPERIENCE TO CORRECT OR UPGRADE

WHAT HAS GONE WRONG BEFORE

  • HAVE SUFFICIENT PROTOTYPE FULL SCAE TRIALS
  • ASSESS FULL SYSTEM OPERATION &INTEGRITY, AS

WELL AS KEY COMPONENTS

  • SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT WORK TO IMPROVE

COMPONENTS

  • STANDARDISE KEY INTERFACE COMPONENTS

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 65

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SLIDE 66

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 66

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SLIDE 67

CLOSING REMARKS

  • SUBSEA PRODUCTION HAS PROGRESSED SLOWLY IN

STEPS SINCE 1970s. IT IS NEEDED TO ACHIEVE HIGH RATE OF TOTAL RECOVERY FOR MANY FIELDS

  • SS WELLS , MANIFOLDING AND MODULARISATION

HAVE REACHED MATURITY, ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT FOR COMPONENTS IN ALL AREAS

  • SS SEPARATION HAS NOT PROGRESSED BEACAUSE OF

LACK OF FULL SUPPORT-ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT!

  • MPHPs HAVE PROGRESSED, BUT NEED IMROVED

MTBF,SS COMPRESSION IS IN ITS INFANCY

Presentation title 67

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SLIDE 68

CLOSING REMARKS... CONTINUED

  • HIGH INVESTMENT IS NEEDED TO DEVELOP &

IMPROVE SS EQUIPMENT/SYSTEMS- WHO PAYS FOR IT?- OPERATOR,EQUIPMENT SUPPLIER?

  • GLOBAL SS MARKET HAS RISEN FROM $18 BILLION IN

2003 TO $45 BILLION IN 2012

  • EXTENSIVE FAT AND FULL SCALE SYSTEM TRIALS ARE

NEEDED FOR THE SS SYSTEM

  • COLLABORATION BETWEEN OPERATORS AND

SUPPLIERS OF SS EQUIPMENT/SYSTEM IS NEEDED TO SHARE COSTS/RISKS/REWARDS

  • STANDARDISATION/STANDARDS ARE NEEDED TO

IMPROVE RELIABILITY/HSE AND SIMPLIFY QUALIFICATION/APPROVALS

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 68

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SLIDE 69

22 February, 2013 Presentation title 69

THANK YOU QUESTIONS ARE WELCOME