Southeast Asia Professor Louisa Degenhardt Presenting slides - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
southeast asia
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Southeast Asia Professor Louisa Degenhardt Presenting slides - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aug 16, 2023 342 likes •699 views

Overview of drug trends in East and Southeast Asia Professor Louisa Degenhardt Presenting slides developed by Gary Lewis and the Global SMART Programme, UNODC The SMART Programme Built upon the SE Asian regional programme DAINAP Began

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Overview of drug trends in East and Southeast Asia

Professor Louisa Degenhardt Presenting slides developed by Gary Lewis and the Global SMART Programme, UNODC

slide-2
SLIDE 2

The SMART Programme

  • Built upon the SE Asian regional programme DAINAP
  • Began in September 2008, coordinated from Vienna

globally, but there is a well established team in Bangkok overseeing East and South East Asian monitoring

  • Primary stated focus is amphetamine type stimulants

and other synthetic drugs – In reality, all drugs are considered

  • Reports are provided by drug control agencies and

supplemented with national reports, and data from research

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Structure

  • 1. Overview of general drug trends in East and South-East

Asia

  • 2. ATS trends in East and South-East Asia
  • 3. Key points
slide-4
SLIDE 4
  • Opium: resurgence of poppy cultivation
  • Heroin: re-emerging availability and use
  • Cannabis: use remains at high levels
  • Inhalants/solvents: young users
  • Cocaine: likely expansion of market in E/SE Asia

Source: DAINAP

General drug trends

slide-5
SLIDE 5

CULTIVATION: South-East Asia

Source: UNODC, South-East Opium Survey, December 2011

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Heroin

Heroin seizures (kg) 2010 2011 China 5,353 6,593 Malaysia 299 755 Thailand 139 554 Singapore 49 73

Source: DAINAP

slide-7
SLIDE 7
  • 650 kg seized in HK

in July 2012

  • Destined for South-

East Asia

  • Links to Mexican

and Colombian cartels

E / SE Asia cocaine market

Source (photo): Associated Press

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Structure

  • 1. Overview of general drug trends in East and South-East

Asia

  • 2. ATS trends in East and South-East Asia
  • 3. Key points
slide-9
SLIDE 9
  • 1. ATS rank in top 3 drugs in region
  • 2. High levels of ATS manufacture
  • 3. Meth spillover from Myanmar
  • 4. Shift in precursor sourcing
  • 5. Injecting meth use
  • 6. Lack of ATS treatment services
  • 7. TOC activity – local, African, Iranian
  • 8. Emerging new synthetic substances

Key emerging ATS trends identified 2011

slide-10
SLIDE 10
  • ATS are considered the primary drugs of concern in E/SE Asia
  • E/SE Asia: half of world‟s meth seizures and meth users
  • Crystalline meth: rapidly expanding in new markets
  • High levels of ATS manufacture
  • ATS treatment demand and arrests continue to rise
  • Precursor sourcing continually evolving

Key ATS trends 2011

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Methamphetamine pill seizures (2006-2011)

* 2011 data are preliminary and likely to be revised upward Source: DAINAP

  • 2011: Total seizures 115 million
  • 2010: Total seizures 136 million

20,000,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 80,000,000 100,000,000 120,000,000 140,000,000 160,000,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011* Number of pills seized

slide-12
SLIDE 12
  • 2011: Total seizures 7.1 metric tons
  • 2010: 6.1 metric tons

* 2011 data are preliminary and likely to be revised upward Source: DAINAP

Crystalline meth seizures (2006-2011)

0.00 1,000.00 2,000.00 3,000.00 4,000.00 5,000.00 6,000.00 7,000.00 8,000.00 9,000.00 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011* Seizures (kg)

slide-13
SLIDE 13

ASEAN + China (2004-2011**)

**For countries which provided disaggregated arrest data by drug type.

Methamphetamine-related arrests

Source: DAINAP * 2011 data are preliminary and likely to be revised upward

50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011* Number of arrests

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Ecstasy pill seizures (2006-2011)

1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Number of pills seized

* 2011 data are preliminary and likely to be revised upward

  • 2011: Total seizures 1.4 million pills

Source: DAINAP

slide-15
SLIDE 15
  • Limited manufacture in Indonesia and Malaysia
  • Likelihood of manufacture in China
  • Demand remains high - Mimic „ecstasy‟ gaining

popularity

  • Illicit trade in safrole-rich oils remains a concern

HOWEVER ...

Ecstasy appears to be declining

slide-16
SLIDE 16

Structure

  • 1. Overview of general drug trends in East and South-East

Asia

  • 2. ATS trends in East and South-East Asia
  • 3. Key points
slide-17
SLIDE 17

Methamphetamine pills

BRU CAM CHI IND LAO MAL MYA PHI SIN THA VIE

  • 1

2

  • ●

1 9 3

  • 1

2

Crystalline methamphetamine

BRU CAM CHI IND LAO MAL MYA PHI SIN THA VIE

1 2 2 1

  • 3*
  • 1

2 7 2

Ecstasy

BRU CAM CHI IND LAO MAL MYA PHI SIN THA VIE

  • 3

5

  • 5
  • 8

9 2

…for the third consecutive year ?

Note: Numbers denote drugs of concern in ranking order. “1” refers to the top drug of concern as perceived by experts in respective countries. “” indicates no ranking reported.

= increasing trend = decreasing trend = stable trend = no trend reported

  • 1. ATS rank in top 3 drug in the region

Source: DAINAP

slide-18
SLIDE 18

ATS labs seized in E/SE Asia

83

442

2006

2010

Meth pill press seized

  • utside of Bangkok –

Sep 2011

  • 2. High levels of ATS manufacture

Source: DAINAP; The Nation (Thailand)

slide-19
SLIDE 19

Source: DAINAP

Singapore

  • 14 kg = highest total ever reported

Indonesia

  • 1,169 kg = highest total in past 5 years

Malaysia

  • 1,236 kg = highest total in past 5 years

Cambodia

  • 19.1 kg = highest total ever reported

2011 seizures among the highest ever

  • 3. Expansion of crystalline meth market
slide-20
SLIDE 20

Source: DAINAP

Myanmar

  • 2012: largest ever bust – 73 kg + 274 kg of liquid meth

Thailand

  • 2011: seizures of 1.2 mt
  • Massive 5-year increase (47 kg seized in 2007)

China

  • 2011: nearly 4.5 mt seized

„Golden Triangle‟ region

  • 3. Expansion of crystalline meth market
slide-21
SLIDE 21

Source: DAINAP; ONCB Annual reports 2010 and previous years

Crystalline meth seizures in Thailand (2000 - 2011)

322.6 209.0 1,204.5 733.0 47.4 92.2 48.9 47.3 8.2 0.01 0.35 52.9 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Amount seized (kg)

  • 3. Expansion of crystalline meth in Thailand
slide-22
SLIDE 22
  • Declining in some markets – Japan, Malaysia
  • Indonesia: trafficking up 200% in 2011
  • Involved in meth manufacture

– 2010 – Japan – 2011 – Thailand – 2012 – Malaysia

  • 4. Transnational organised crime activity

related to ATS

Groups from the Islamic Republic of Iran

Source: DAINAP; UNODC 2011

slide-23
SLIDE 23
  • Active in SE Asia since 1980s
  • Smuggled Golden Triangle heroin to Europe

and USA

  • WA males as drug couriers
  • Mid-1990s: shifted to Afghan heroin
  • Cocaine trafficking to E/SE Asia
  • SE Asian nationals as couriers
  • Region-wide networks
  • 4. Transnational organised crime activity

related to ATS

West African Drug Syndicates

Source: Global SMART Programme, ADEC 2012

slide-24
SLIDE 24
  • 2008: Meth trafficking to E/SE Asia first

detected from South Africa

  • Late-2009: Meth trafficking to E/SE Asia from

West Africa, by air passenger couriers

  • 2009: number and quantity of meth seizures in

Asia from Africa tripled

  • Key destinations: Japan, Rep. of Korea,

Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, China

  • 4. Transnational organised crime activity

related to ATS

West African Drug Syndicates

Source: Global SMART Update, Vol. 4, October 2010

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Notable locations of ATS manufacture & trafficking routes

Sources: UNODC World Drug Report 2011 & Global ATS Assessment 2011

  • 4. WADS activity related to ATS
slide-26
SLIDE 26
  • Precursors in new physical

forms

  • Use of non-controlled licit

chemicals

  • Diversion of pharmaceutical

preparations

  • Stricter national controls on

EPH and PSE

  • New substances – i.e. P-2-P
  • 5. Shift in precursor sourcing

Source: ONCB, IDEC 2011

slide-27
SLIDE 27
  • 5. Shift in precursor sourcing

Meth (pre-)precursors

  • APAAN
  • P-2-P
  • Phenylacetic acid

Ecstasy precursors

  • Piperonal – MDA
  • Safrole-rich oils – MDMA

Source: Global SMART Update 2012, Vol. 7

Conversion of APAAN to P-2-P P-2-P bisulfite adduct

slide-28
SLIDE 28

Cambodia Myanmar Thailand

2008 9.8 0.7 2009 9.4 1.9 2010 19.3 4.4 33.0 2011 n/a 1,680 kg 9.6

Pharmaceutical seizures

(millions of pills containing pseudoephedrine)

  • 5. Shift in precursor sourcing

Source: DAINAP; ONCB

slide-29
SLIDE 29

Source: UNAIDS 2012

105,784 40,300 1,150 16,607 149,591 170,000 400,000 193,300 75,000 1,900 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000 500,000 C h i n a J a p a n V i e t n a m M a l a y s i a A u s t r a l i a I n d

  • n

e s i a M y a n m a r T h a i l a n d P h i l i p p i n e s C a m b

  • d

i a L a

  • P

D R 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Estimated number of people who inject drugs Prevalence of HIV

2.35 million

  • 6. Injecting drug use
slide-30
SLIDE 30
  • 7. ATS treatment demand rising

3 9 13 19 24 27 50 62 85 90 95 98 99 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Myanmar Hong Kong, China Malaysia China Indonesia Singapore Japan Philippines Thailand Cambodia Lao PDR Republic of Korea Brunei Darussalam Primary drug of use among those treated (%)

Methamphetamine treatment demand in E/SE Asia

Source: DAINAP; 2011 World Drug Report, UNODC

slide-31
SLIDE 31

Ketamine seizures in East and South-East Asia (2006-2011)

  • 2011: Total seizures 5.6 metric tons

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Seizures (kg)

  • 8. Ketamine use and trafficking

Source: DAINAP

slide-32
SLIDE 32
  • Piperazines

– Benzylpiperazine (BZP) – Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) – meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP)

  • Mephedrone
  • 2C-B – first identified in Viet Nam in 2007
  • Synthetic cannabinoids – JWH
  • Often marketed as ‘legal highs’
  • 9. Emerging synthetic substances
slide-33
SLIDE 33

Discussion and conclusions

  • Clearly there is ongoing dynamism in illicit durg

markets in the region

  • Increasing involvement of new crime groups in

trafficking ATS to this region

  • The emergence of synthetic substances is consistent

with trends in high income countries

  • Many gaps in surveillance remain, with data on use

and harms less available and more poorly collected – Capacity building is one of the aims of the SMART programme

slide-34
SLIDE 34

THANK YOU

For more information, updates and reports, see: www.apaic.org www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpacific