South- -East East Pahang Pahang Peat Peat South Swamp Forests, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
South- -East East Pahang Pahang Peat Peat South Swamp Forests, Malaysia Swamp Forests, Malaysia Conservation and Sustainable Use of Conservation and Sustainable Use of Peat Swamp Forests Peat Swamp Forests UNDP/GEF MAL/99/G31 UNDP/GEF
Savinder Savinder Kaur Kaur Gill Gill Consultant Environmental Sociologist Consultant Environmental Sociologist UNDP/GEF funded Peat Swamp Forest Project UNDP/GEF funded Peat Swamp Forest Project Pahang Pahang 16 November 2007 16 November 2007
has:
largest significant peat swamp forest cover in mainland tropical Asia (340,000 ha) mainland tropical Asia (340,000 ha)
mainland Asia’ ’s largest and least disturbed PSF s largest and least disturbed PSF remaining as a single nearly contiguous complex remaining as a single nearly contiguous complex
I nland Area-W etland Features
I nland Areas-Dryland Features
Marine Coastal Areas Features
VALUE BENEFI TS FORESTRY AGRI CULTURE RECREATI ON/ TOURI SM RESEARCH/ EDUCATI ON W ATER SUPPLY W I LDLI FE PRODUCTI ON FI SH PRODUCTI ON FLOOD MI TI GATI ON PREVENTI ON OF SALI NE W ATER I NTRUSI ON MAI NTENANCE OF BASE FLOW S I N RI VERS SEDI MENT REMOVAL NUTRI ENT REMOVAL TOXI CANT REMOVAL GROUNDW ATER RECHARGE GROUNDW ATER DI SCHARGE BI OLOGI CAL DI VERSI TY CULTURAL/ SPI RI TUAL VALUE HI STORI C VALUE AESTHETI C VALUE W I LDERNESS VALUE ATTRI BUTES FUNCTI ONS USES
At least 221 taxa taxa of flora of a total of 238
taxa in PM in PM
Gonystylus bancanus bancanus, , Durio Durio carinatus carinatus, , Madhuca Madhuca motleyana motleyana, , Shorea Shorea platycarpa platycarpa, and , and Shorea Shorea uliginosa uliginosa are are commercial species seemingly restricted to swamp forests commercial species seemingly restricted to swamp forests in the region. in the region.
Tetramerista glabra glabra: important commercial species; fruits a : important commercial species; fruits a food source for some birds and mammals. food source for some birds and mammals.
Durio carinatus carinatus: food source for hornbills, other birds and : food source for hornbills, other birds and mammals mammals
Alstonia angustiloba angustiloba: : preferred nesting places for globally preferred nesting places for globally Vulnerable Lesser Adjutant Stork Vulnerable Lesser Adjutant Stork
Mammals: 63 species (19 on the IUCN Red List)
Birds: 192 species (56 are on the IUCN Red List)
Herptiles: 8 species of turtles (all are on the IUCN Red List) : 8 species of turtles (all are on the IUCN Red List)
Endemic Fauna: 36 species of birds are Sundaland Sundaland endemics; endemics; Three out of the six endemic fish species in Three out of the six endemic fish species in Pahang Pahang state are state are found in the SEPPSF. found in the SEPPSF.
Stenotopic Species: 70% of the fishes considered to be Species: 70% of the fishes considered to be stenotopic stenotopic to to blackwaters blackwaters in Peninsular Malaysia in Peninsular Malaysia
2 amphibian species exclusively peat swamp species.
A breeding colony of the Lesser Adjutant Stork, Leptoptilos Leptoptilos javanicus javanicus
Blackwater streams and rivers critical spawning areas, streams and rivers critical spawning areas, e.g. e.g.Wallago Wallago leerii leerii. .
– – Field demonstration and supervision at the Field demonstration and supervision at the Compartment 77 in the Compartment 77 in the Pekan Pekan FR, using the FR, using the RIMBAKA Timber Harvester RIMBAKA Timber Harvester – – RIL = systematic approach to planning, RIL = systematic approach to planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating forest implementing, monitoring and evaluating forest harvesting, aimed at reducing soil disturbance, harvesting, aimed at reducing soil disturbance, impacts on wildlife and damage to residual trees. impacts on wildlife and damage to residual trees. – – Particularly for sustainable management of Particularly for sustainable management of mainly hill forests. mainly hill forests.
Formulation of Integrated management plan (IMP) through multi through multi-
stakeholder input
– – Sensitive areas were identified Sensitive areas were identified logging minimized or even logging minimized or even banned banned – – Intensity of planned logging in less sensitive areas adjusted to Intensity of planned logging in less sensitive areas adjusted to maintain its production within the justified allowable coupe. maintain its production within the justified allowable coupe. – – Set Set-
aside areas with high conservation values established in the core zones core zones – – Entire forest reserve complex managed as a single unit of strict Entire forest reserve complex managed as a single unit of strict biodiversity protection area. biodiversity protection area. – – Social engagement in project planning and management Social engagement in project planning and management
Endorsement of IMP by The State Executive Committee
Establishment of a State Project Steering Committee (SPSC)/Wetlands Management Committee (WMC) (SPSC)/Wetlands Management Committee (WMC)
Participatory Participatory community project community project planning planning
Indigenous ‘ ‘Orang Orang Asli Asli’ ’ Jakun Jakun
19 villages surrounding the SEPPSF
8,000 people
Traditional and Subsistence Traditional and Subsistence – – Raw material for dwellings, household products Raw material for dwellings, household products and tools, as well as sources of food and medicine. and tools, as well as sources of food and medicine. – – Hunting for subsistence is still widely practiced, Hunting for subsistence is still widely practiced, e.g. wild boar ( e.g. wild boar (Sus Sus scrofa scrofa), deer species ), deer species ( (Muntiacus Muntiacus muntjak muntjak, , Tragulus Tragulus javanica javanica and and Tragulus Tragulus napu napu) and monitor lizards ( ) and monitor lizards (Varanus Varanus spp spp.). .). – – Fish are an important source of Fish are an important source of dietary protein for the dietary protein for the Jakun Jakun community living community living
their associated waterways. their associated waterways. Commercial Non Commercial Non-
timber forest products Commercially valuable forest products are usually sold u Commercially valuable forest products are usually sold unprocessed nprocessed as food, medicine, ornamentals, or as pets. as food, medicine, ornamentals, or as pets.
The provision of information
Consultations
Full participation
Long-
term responsibility
Key participatory concepts:
Participation
Empowerment
Respect
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
– – Encourage local participation in the assessment of the involveme Encourage local participation in the assessment of the involvement, nt, contribution, practices undertaken, desires and concerns of the contribution, practices undertaken, desires and concerns of the Jakun Jakun community with respect to the sustainable use of peat swamp fore community with respect to the sustainable use of peat swamp forest st resources. resources. – – Gauge the level of awareness of the Gauge the level of awareness of the Jakun Jakun on the importance of the peat
swamp forests. swamp forests. – – Assess relevant social, economic and cultural aspects of the Assess relevant social, economic and cultural aspects of the Jakun Jakun. . – – Compile a list of flora and fauna deemed important for conservat Compile a list of flora and fauna deemed important for conservation by ion by the local community was produced. the local community was produced. – – Exploring the possibility of providing alternative/supplementary Exploring the possibility of providing alternative/supplementary incomes and creating opportunities for local employment through incomes and creating opportunities for local employment through sustainable livelihood projects. sustainable livelihood projects. – – An analysis on the capacity of the local communities to spearhea An analysis on the capacity of the local communities to spearhead d sustainable projects and a review of existing/past sustainable l sustainable projects and a review of existing/past sustainable livelihood ivelihood projects by the JHEOA. projects by the JHEOA.
Descriptions of forest practices based on indigenous knowledge of local communities and individuals. knowledge of local communities and individuals.
Gender and social roles of various groups in the community. community.
Possessions, human health and educational status of resource users, especially those factors that may resource users, especially those factors that may constrain the project. constrain the project.
Stakeholder analysis to determine which organisations
have influence over or deal with local communities in have influence over or deal with local communities in the area the area
The PRA was conducted in two stages over a The PRA was conducted in two stages over a staggered period of six months, involving staggered period of six months, involving indigenous indigenous Jakun Jakun communities in 19 villages communities in 19 villages within and surrounding the SEPPSF. within and surrounding the SEPPSF.
– – Local communities take responsibility for the Local communities take responsibility for the planning and implementation of their own planning and implementation of their own projects. projects. – – Developing the capacity of local people to Developing the capacity of local people to manage project activities manage project activities – – Discouraging total dependency on outsiders by Discouraging total dependency on outsiders by promoting self promoting self-
reliance & confidence in those directly associated with the projects. directly associated with the projects.
– – Ensuring that local people sustain the project Ensuring that local people sustain the project after the cessation of the funding period. after the cessation of the funding period. – – Facilitating the beneficiaries to assume Facilitating the beneficiaries to assume
’s inception. s inception. – – Testing the viability of the pilot projects Testing the viability of the pilot projects – – Developing a framework for the possible Developing a framework for the possible replication of these projects through local replication of these projects through local development institutions development institutions
– – Recognising the role of women in community Recognising the role of women in community development and elevating their status through development and elevating their status through meaningful participation at every stage of the meaningful participation at every stage of the project, including project planning. project, including project planning.
To preserve indigenous knowledge s on medicinal plants for future generations medicinal plants for future generations
Provide supplementary livelihood to community via employment opportunities via employment opportunities
Ensuring adequate supply to practitioners of traditional medicine & designated handicraft traditional medicine & designated handicraft-
makers
Using local species so as not to introduce new species species
Rearing Baung Baung fish in cages along the river fish in cages along the river
To provide more stable income for people
To strengthen local institutional capacity
To establish link between CBOs CBOs, JKKK & other , JKKK & other grassroots grassroots organisations
for knowledge sharing & continuous capacity building. & continuous capacity building.
To build model for community development in the region the region
INCOME GENERATION (CULTIVATION OF INCOME GENERATION (CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS) MEDICINAL PLANTS)-
MISAI KUCING
Soil study
Mapping and demarcation of Heritage Garden Boundary Boundary
Land clearing
Planting
Maintenance
HERITAGE GARDEN (4Ha. CONSERVATION HERITAGE GARDEN (4Ha. CONSERVATION PLOT) PLOT)
Trail-
making
Identification of medicinal plants
Labelling of medicinal plants
Study tours
Opening of Heritage Garden to visitors
PRESERVATION OF INDIGENOUS PRESERVATION OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE
Documentation of medicinal plants using ICT
IK workshops
Training on preparation of herbarium specimens
Preparation of herbarium specimens
Formulation of community protocol and benefit-
sharing mechanism
Production of book on medicinal plants
PROJECT PARTNERS: FRIM & PACOS PROJECT PARTNERS: FRIM & PACOS
HANDICRAFT HANDICRAFT
Identification of village handicraft-
makers
Identification of types of handicraft
Handicraft production
Training for craftsmen/orientation to market needs needs
Providing access to markets
Study tours to Handicraft expositions and other villages villages
Monitoring and constant communication
Shortage of manpower
Low attendance for training
Poor attendance at meetings: dormant committee members members
Poor participation of youth
No motivation to work for free, i.e. volunteerism doesn’ ’t t work when benefits cannot be seen work when benefits cannot be seen
The village elites & men, tend to dominate decisions on resource management resource management-
educated, wealthiest, those with authority authority -
may find easier to ‘ ‘capture capture’ ’ the activity & the activity & monopolise monopolise its benefits. its benefits.
Funding
Reliance on village leader for coordination
Poor maintenance of infrastructure purchased with seed funding funding
Increased appreciation of IK
Enhanced community/family ties
Forging new networks & strengthening existing networks networks
More social participation & control in local
& projects
Improved quality of life
Improved local technical skills
Capacity to accurately recognise recognise & & prioritise prioritise needs of local needs of local communities communities
Satisfy needs of local communities
Once pilot project had successfully completed, replication would follow as a matter of course would follow as a matter of course
Local communities engaged as partners in conservation within three years through two alternative livelihood within three years through two alternative livelihood programmes programmes
Exit strategy involving local agencies devised at the end of project period project period
Following ingredients are essential if HG Project Following ingredients are essential if HG Project were to survive in long were to survive in long-
term:
Cooperation
Stronger project management team
Paid employment
Retain staff
Avoid monopoly
Why communities need benefit Why communities need benefit-
sharing agreements? What is community protocol & benefit sharing? What is community protocol & benefit sharing?
Monetary benefits Monetary benefits Non Non-
m onetary benefits
‘Up Up-
front ’ ’ paym ents paym ents
Milestone paym ents
Royalties
Research funding
License fees
Salaries
Equity and profit -
sharing
Higher sale price of products.
Contributions to local econom y and at the village level, e.g. livelihood at the village level, e.g. livelihood im provem ent such as infrastructure im provem ent such as infrastructure and food security and food security
Com m unity em pow erm ent through im proved negotiation capacities im proved negotiation capacities
Strengthening capacities of local populations in the sustainable use of populations in the sustainable use of natural/ genetic resources natural/ genetic resources
Exchange of staff and training
Capacity building and transfer of technology technology
Sharing of research results
I ncreased scientific capacities, e.g. through support to research activities through support to research activities
Assessment of community needs and perceptions Formulation
Project implementation & monitoring Sustainability Problems within local community Capacity building Cessation of funding ceases Cessation of UNDP/GEF coordination Poor monitoring/lack
government agencies 1 2 3 1 4 4 3 2 HYPOTHESISED CHALLENGES TO PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY PROJECT FORMULATION Threshold
failure/success
SL Project
Local communities’ input Funding Internal sustainability mechanism Coordination (Development agency UNDP/GEF Institutional support Monitoring Peer support: Networking with
communities Harmony with stakeholders
Socio-
economic surveys
Collaborative management committee
Longer time frame
Role of partner agencies
Community recognition
Local solutions for local people
Community capacity building
Intra/inter-
agency training
Interest
Reviews
Education/awareness-
raising
Projects should not be carried out because of the perceived needs of local communities by government/development agencies. Rather, SL projects should be based on what the local communities want, need and are capable of doing.
Savinder Kaur Gill Savinder Kaur Gill
Email: Email: savinder.gill@gmail.com savinder.gill@gmail.com