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Solvers Principles and Architecture (SPA) General Introduction Master Sciences Informatique (Sif) September 18th, 2019 Rennes Khalil Ghorbal k halil.ghorbal@inria.fr K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 1 SIF M2 1 / 15 What makes a problem important ?

  1. Solvers Principles and Architecture (SPA) General Introduction Master Sciences Informatique (Sif) September 18th, 2019 Rennes Khalil Ghorbal k halil.ghorbal@inria.fr K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 1 SIF M2 1 / 15

  2. What makes a problem important ? Before understanding Solvers K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 2 SIF M2 2 / 15

  3. What makes a problem important ? Before understanding Solvers We need to talk about Problems K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 2 SIF M2 2 / 15

  4. What makes a problem important ? Abstraction of problems arising from important applications. K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 3 SIF M2 3 / 15

  5. What makes a problem important ? Abstraction of problems arising from important applications. When asked how old she was, Suzie replied, ” In 2 years I will be twice as old as I was 5 years ago.”How old is she? K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 3 SIF M2 3 / 15

  6. What makes a problem important ? Abstraction of problems arising from important applications. When asked how old she was, Suzie replied, ” In 2 years I will x + 2 = 2( x − 5) be twice as old as I was 5 years → x = 12 ago.”How old is she? K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 3 SIF M2 3 / 15

  7. What makes a problem important ? Abstraction of problems arising from important applications. When asked how old she was, Suzie replied, ” In 2 years I will x + 2 = 2( x − 5) be twice as old as I was 5 years → x = 12 ago.”How old is she? Travelling Salesman Problem Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the origin city? K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 3 SIF M2 3 / 15

  8. What makes a problem important ? Reduction of other problems.   Problem 1 . .  � ProblemA   .  ProblemN • The transformation (reduction) may be non-trivial to find • Needs to be “simpler” than solving the new problem K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 4 SIF M2 4 / 15

  9. What makes a problem important ? Reduction of other problems.   Problem 1 . .  � ProblemA   .  ProblemN • The transformation (reduction) may be non-trivial to find • Needs to be “simpler” than solving the new problem K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 4 SIF M2 4 / 15

  10. What makes a problem important ? Reduction of other problems.   Problem 1 . .  � ProblemA   .  ProblemN • The transformation (reduction) may be non-trivial to find • Needs to be “simpler” than solving the new problem K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 4 SIF M2 4 / 15

  11. What makes a problem important ? Reduction example Satisfiability Given a set V of Boolean variables and a collection C of clauses over V , is there a satisfying truth assignment for C ? Quadratic Diophantine Equations Given positive integers a , b , and c , are there positive integers x and y such that ax 2 + by 2 = c ? (Transformation from 3SAT [Manders and Adleman 1978].) K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 5 SIF M2 5 / 15

  12. What makes a problem important ? Reduction example Satisfiability Given a set V of Boolean variables and a collection C of clauses over V , is there a satisfying truth assignment for C ? Quadratic Diophantine Equations Given positive integers a , b , and c , are there positive integers x and y such that ax 2 + by 2 = c ? (Transformation from 3SAT [Manders and Adleman 1978].) K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 5 SIF M2 5 / 15

  13. What makes a problem important ? Poincar´ e said so! • Its long resistance (beyond the current state-of-the art methods) • Requires new insights (connections, perspectives) to get solved • Example: Hilbert’s famous list pf problems (1900) • Example: Millennium Prize Problems Riemann Hypothesis All the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function have their real part equal to 1 2 . K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 6 SIF M2 6 / 15

  14. What makes a problem important ? Poincar´ e said so! • Its long resistance (beyond the current state-of-the art methods) • Requires new insights (connections, perspectives) to get solved • Example: Hilbert’s famous list pf problems (1900) • Example: Millennium Prize Problems Riemann Hypothesis All the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function have their real part equal to 1 2 . K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 6 SIF M2 6 / 15

  15. What makes a problem important ? Poincar´ e said so! • Its long resistance (beyond the current state-of-the art methods) • Requires new insights (connections, perspectives) to get solved • Example: Hilbert’s famous list pf problems (1900) • Example: Millennium Prize Problems Riemann Hypothesis All the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function have their real part equal to 1 2 . K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 6 SIF M2 6 / 15

  16. What makes a problem important ? Poincar´ e said so! • Its long resistance (beyond the current state-of-the art methods) • Requires new insights (connections, perspectives) to get solved • Example: Hilbert’s famous list pf problems (1900) • Example: Millennium Prize Problems Riemann Hypothesis All the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function have their real part equal to 1 2 . K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 6 SIF M2 6 / 15

  17. What makes a problem important ? Poincar´ e said so! • Its long resistance (beyond the current state-of-the art methods) • Requires new insights (connections, perspectives) to get solved • Example: Hilbert’s famous list pf problems (1900) • Example: Millennium Prize Problems Riemann Hypothesis All the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function have their real part equal to 1 2 . K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 6 SIF M2 6 / 15

  18. Outline 1 What Makes a Problem Important? 2 Important Problems 3 Solving in Mathematics 4 Solving Computer Science 5 In This Course K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 6 SIF M2 6 / 15

  19. Important Problems You Must Be Aware Of Satisfiability (DPLL algorithm) Is there a Boolean assignment that satisfies ( v 1 ∨ ¯ v 2 ) ∧ (¯ v 1 ∨ v 2 ) Quantifier Elimination (Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition) Is the following sentence true over the reals x 2 + ax + b = 0 ∀ a , b . ∃ x . K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 7 SIF M2 7 / 15

  20. Important Problems You Must Be Aware Of Satisfiability (DPLL algorithm) Is there a Boolean assignment that satisfies ( v 1 ∨ ¯ v 2 ) ∧ (¯ v 1 ∨ v 2 ) Quantifier Elimination (Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition) Is the following sentence true over the reals x 2 + ax + b = 0 ∀ a , b . ∃ x . K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 7 SIF M2 7 / 15

  21. Important Problems You Must Be Aware Of Convex Optimization (SemiDefinite Programming) Min/Max C • X Subject to A i • X = b i , i = 1 , . . . , m X � 0 Differential Equations (Numerical Algorithms) i ℏ ∂ ∂ t Ψ( r , t ) = H Ψ( r , t ) K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 8 SIF M2 8 / 15

  22. Important Problems You Must Be Aware Of Convex Optimization (SemiDefinite Programming) Min/Max C • X Subject to A i • X = b i , i = 1 , . . . , m X � 0 Differential Equations (Numerical Algorithms) i ℏ ∂ ∂ t Ψ( r , t ) = H Ψ( r , t ) K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 8 SIF M2 8 / 15

  23. Outline 1 What Makes a Problem Important? 2 Important Problems 3 Solving in Mathematics 4 Solving Computer Science 5 In This Course K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 8 SIF M2 8 / 15

  24. Solving Systems of Equations Object of study in mathematics is the set of solutions of equations f ( x ) = 0 Solution Space Nature and operators in f • Finite fields ( Z / p Z ) • Linear (vector of) • Reals • Polynomial (vector of) • Differential functions • With special operators: derivations • Probability densities • ... • ... K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 9 SIF M2 9 / 15

  25. Solving Systems of Equations Object of study in mathematics is the set of solutions of equations f ( x ) = 0 Solution Space Nature and operators in f • Finite fields ( Z / p Z ) • Linear (vector of) • Reals • Polynomial (vector of) • Differential functions • With special operators: derivations • Probability densities • ... • ... K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 9 SIF M2 9 / 15

  26. Solving Systems of Equations Object of study in mathematics is the set of solutions of equations f ( x ) = 0 Solution Space Nature and operators in f • Finite fields ( Z / p Z ) • Linear (vector of) • Reals • Polynomial (vector of) • Differential functions • With special operators: derivations • Probability densities • ... • ... K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 9 SIF M2 9 / 15

  27. Solving in Mathematics • Existence • Uniqueness • Closed form general solution • Properties of the set of solutions (finiteness, boundedness, symmetries etc.) • Generalizations • Approximations (numerical methods, relaxations) K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 10 SIF M2 10 / 15

  28. Solving in Mathematics • Existence • Uniqueness • Closed form general solution • Properties of the set of solutions (finiteness, boundedness, symmetries etc.) • Generalizations • Approximations (numerical methods, relaxations) K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 10 SIF M2 10 / 15

  29. Solving in Mathematics • Existence • Uniqueness • Closed form general solution • Properties of the set of solutions (finiteness, boundedness, symmetries etc.) • Generalizations • Approximations (numerical methods, relaxations) K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 10 SIF M2 10 / 15

  30. Solving in Mathematics • Existence • Uniqueness • Closed form general solution • Properties of the set of solutions (finiteness, boundedness, symmetries etc.) • Generalizations • Approximations (numerical methods, relaxations) K. Ghorbal (INRIA) 10 SIF M2 10 / 15

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