Solar Energy Denisse Almaguer Ava Mathews Avery Northrop Juan - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Solar Energy

Denisse Almaguer Ava Mathews Avery Northrop Juan Rios Danica Valencia

Effects of Fossil Fuels

• Economies rely on conventional fuels

(coal, oil, natural gas) to meet fast paced growth in energy demand

• Power generation produces

530gCO2/kWh on global average

• Global temperatures have increased

because of greenhouse gas emissions

Growing Emissions

• Developed countries

have produced majority

• f anthropogenic

greenhouse gas emissions

• Developing countries

have recently increased GHG emissions, surpassing the levels from developed countries

Growing Energy Demand

• Worldwide energy demand is

expected to rise by 1.5-3 times, by 2050

• Energy demand is rapidly

increasing due to rapid population growth, especially in Africa and Asia

Environmental Concerns

• Consequences of temperatures rising higher than 2℃ annually
• Additional 250,000 deaths worldwide between 2030 and 2050
• Less snow and ice cover
• Economic losses of between 4% and 20% GDP

Transition to Solar

• Implementing different energy

sources could alleviate the effects

• f economic development on the

environment

• Renewable energies are accessible

to many areas around the world

• Solar energy is inexhaustible and

pollution-free form of energy

Photovoltaics

Four Kinds of Photovoltaics

• Single Crystal

○

• Expensive. Not used are much. Have a 23% Efficiency. Take more energy to manufacture than they produce

in their lifetime

• Polycrystalline silicon

○ Most popular and has a 20% efficiency, cheaper

• Thin films

○ Up & coming. Modular, and is the Cheapest and lights

• High efficiency photovoltaics(HEPV) Triple junction Gallium Arsenide

○ >40% $50,000/m High efficiency, but very expensive, used in space crafts

How does it work?

Silicon Solar Cell

• Has two layers of silicon that consist of N type( has extra electrons) P type (has extra spaces).
• Photon strikes the silicon with enough force to knock the electron from its cell at same time while

leaving a hole.

• The electric magnetic field from the N/P junction helps the free electron flow to the N side and the

hole to the P side where they are collected through small metal fingers at the top of the cell.

• From there the electrons flows through an external circuit, where the electron does electrical work

are before returning through a conductive aluminum sheet.

Concentration of Solar Energy

Four types of methods

• Parabolic Trough

○ Uses trough shape mirrors usually on a single axes.

• Parabolic Dish

○ Very high conversion efficiency, up to 30%. Use multiple mirrors on two axes.

• Solar Tower ( Heliostat)

○ Uses a field of mirrors called "heliostats" that individually follow the sun on two axes, and reflect sunlight to a receiver at the top of a tower.

• Lens

○ Uses flat mirror arrays to reflect sunlight onto elevated linear absorbers or receiver tubes Can be used with Turbine, Stirling, and HEPV

Utilizing Solar Energy

• Solar transportation ( Cars, Buses, Boat, and Space Crafts)
• Solar Appliances ( Cooker, Dryer, Powered Fan, Air Conditioning)
• Solar domestic and public lighting (Lamps, Flashlights, street Light, Traffic Light)

Pay Back Cost for Solar Panels

($30,000-$10,000)/($1,200+$1,500)=7.4 years

Gross Cost of System Upfront Incentives Annual Savings Additional Incentives

Solar Energy Benefits: Economics

• Solar technology has rapidly

decreased in price, more than all

• ther renewable energies
• Despite the high up-front costs

to installation, both commercial and residential units save money over time

• No decrease in productivity due

to using solar over fossil fuels

Solar Energy Benefits: Environmental

• Every 1 GW of extra renewable energy capacity has

vast potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions,

• n average, by 3.3 million tons each year.
• The earth's surface receives large amounts of

energy from the sun

○ enough to provide 7900 times as much energy as the world's population currently uses.

• It is estimated that solar power could produce 22%
• f the global electricity by 2050. This would

eliminate a remarkable portion of the increasing global carbon dioxide emissions

How to Implement Solar: Challenges

• Installation costs
• Low Government Support
• Public ignorance of the need for renewables
• Lack of infrastructure needed to support Solar
• Low price of fossil fuels

○ Government subsidies for fossil fuels

• Dust

○ particularly in developing countries where implementation of renewables is important ○ reduces output power from photovoltaic systems from 2% to 50%

How to Implement Solar: Overcoming Challenges

• Feed in Tariffs

○ Essentially pays people for creating their own green energy

• Capital subsidies
• International Aid
• Carbon Tax or Cap-and-Trade
• Increasing Awareness of the need for

renewables

Policy

• In order to have Solar success, developing countries

need to subsidise the use of renewable energy technology, especially solar and the research of solar

○ Implement feed-in tariffs ○ Use international aid for development

• Increased education about the danger of continuing to

use environmentally harmful technologies like coal power production and oil

Solar Environmental Concerns

• Land Use large scale PV
• Visual Impact
• Sensitive Lands for CSP
• Increasing Erosion

Environmental Justice

• In 2012 indoor air pollution was responsible for 4.3 million

deaths

• Deforestation threatens their livelihood, destroys ecosystems

and habitats, accounts for 15% of GHG emissions

• 600 million people in Africa don’t have access to modern energy

services

• Developing countries have high potential to receive enough

solar radiation as a result of their geographical location in comparison to developed countries.

Environmental Justice

• Benefits: information, education,

entertainment, better quality of life, creation

• f wealth
• 1.3 billion people do not have access to

electric power

• Proper lighting increases safety, productivity
• For rural areas where grid connectivity is not

possible, off grid solutions like solar are more economically achievable

Solar Installation

Solar Installation

References

1. https://www.livescience.com/41995-how-do-solar-panels-work.html 2. https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2015/09/types-of-solar-panels 3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118301527 4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268983770_Solar_Energy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_The_Challenges_and_ Opportunities_of_Technological_Leapfrogging 5. https://qz.com/africa/1238545/the-biggest-obstacle-to-deploying-solar-energy-in-africa-is-skepticism-in-high-plac es/ 6. https://www.pv-tech.org/news/bill-gates-solar-is-not-the-energy-solution-africa-needs 7. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2018-04-06/solar-power-in-africa/ 8. http://isolaralliance.org/docs/GetTogether/Eighth%20Get%20Together/CUTS%20International.pdf 9. https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gases-equivalencies-calculator-calculations-and-references 10. http://files.sma.de/dl/7680/SMix-UEN091910.pdf 11. http://cleanenergyaction.org/learn-more/feed-in-tariffs/ 12. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/pierce-nahigyan/solar-power-is-freeing-ru_b_10564586.html 13. http://files.udc.edu/docs/cere/Solar%20Power%20and%20Sustainability%20in%20Developing%20Countries.pdf