Snow Cover Dynamics, Runoff Generation, and Water Balance in Complex, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Snow Cover Dynamics, Runoff Generation, and Water Balance in Complex, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Snow Cover Dynamics, Runoff Generation, and Water Balance in Complex, High Alpine Terrain: Physically-based, Distributed Modelling. Michael Warscher, Ulrich Strasser, Harald Kunstmann Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for

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KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

www.kit.edu

Snow Cover Dynamics, Runoff Generation, and Water Balance in Complex, High Alpine Terrain: Physically-based, Distributed Modelling.

Michael Warscher, Ulrich Strasser, Harald Kunstmann

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

  • Temperature-Index methods

(Day-Degree Approach, e.g. in WaSiM)

  • Energy balance (single-layer)

(AMUNDSEN, SnowModel, Alpine3D, …)

  • Multi-layer model

(SNTHERM , SNOWPACK, …)

simple / estimation complex / detailed physical description

Snow modeling

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

  • AMUNDSEN (Alpine MUltiscale

Numerical Distributed Simulation Engine)

– Radiation modelling – Energy and mass balance of the snow cover – Lateral snow transport – Snow-canopy interaction – Glacier dynamics – Skiing indicators – …

Strasser, U. (2008): Modelling of the mountain snow cover in the Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden National Park research report, Nr. 55, Berchtesgaden.

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

  • SnowNPB (Uni Graz/NPB): snow hydrology (Berchtesgaden)
  • MUSICALS (Uni Graz/alpS): accumulation, runoff, hydropower (Gepatsch)
  • CC-Snow (Uni Graz/ACRP): snow reliability, artificial snow (Tyrol/Styria)
  • AlpinRiskGP (Uni Graz/StartClim): gravitational material flow (Pasterze)
  • Strahlgrid (ZAMG/internal): daily global radiation (Austria)
  • Prosecco (ZAMG/ÖAW): runoff generation (Goldbergkees)
  • u(glacier) (ZAMG/ÖAW): glacier flow, runoff scenarios (Sonnblick)
  • Climpact (ZAMG/Circle): degree-day glacier mass balance (Tienshan, lake

Merzbacher)

  • Glacier MEMO (Uni Graz/ZAMG/ÖGPF): refreecing, mass balance (Freya

glacier, NE-Greenland)

  • FreyEx (Uni Graz/ÖGPF): energy balance (Freya glacier, NE-Greenland)
  • Glacioburst (ZAMG/FWF): lake outbursts (A.P. Olsen Icecap, NE-Greenland)

Projects

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Project WaterNP erNPB: Water Balance Modeling in the Berchtesgaden National Park SnowNPB – Snow Cover and Runoff Dynamics KarstNPB – Subsurface and Groundwater Fluxes Gabriele Kraller, Uni Graz

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Berchtesgaden National Park

  • National Park:

210 km² Catchment area: 433 km²

  • Königssee: 603 m a.s.l.

Watzmann Mittelspitze: 2713 m a.s.l.  large altitudinal gradient: 2110 m / ca. 3.5 km

  • Mean annual precipitation:

from 1500 mm (valleys) up to 2600 mm (elevated and peak regions)

  • Biotopes:

44,1 % Forests 21,0 % Limestone grasslands 19,3 % Rock and scree 12,4 % Mountain pine 3,2 % Lakes and glaciers

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

  • Large amounts of snow, long period of snow

coverage

  • Spatial and temporal variability of the snow cover
  • Lateral snow transport (wind, snow slides,

avalanches)

  • Precipitation storage
  • Runoff generation by melting snow
  • Snow feeds glaciers and perennial firn fields

(Blaueis, Watzmanngletscher, Eiskapelle, Schöllhorneis)

Snow in high mountain regions

annual mean (2002 - 2007) Precipitation (mm) 1611.4 Rainfall (mm) 1111.5 Snowfall (mm) 499.9 Evapotranspiration (mm) 493.7 Runoff (mm) 1013.3 Air temperature (°C) 1.2 Snow cover duration (days) 144

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

WaSiM-ETH (Schulla and Jasper) Penman-Monteith Richards-Equation …

Distributed Hydrological Model

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Meteorological measurements Gauges and subcatchments

33 stations (19 automatic, 14 manual) National Park administration, township Schoenau, Bavarian avalanche service, 433 km² Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) 9 gauges and subcatchments

Input WaSiM-ETH

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Input WaSiM-ETH

Land use

HABITALP (www.habitalp.org) Standardised classification of Color Infrared aerial photographs Corine Land Cover CLC

Soil types

„Bodenübersichtskarte“ 1:25000 Bavarian Environmental Agency

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Water balance

annual mean (2002 - 2007) Precipitation (mm) 1611.4 Rainfall (mm) 1111.5 Snowfall (mm) 499.9 Evapotranspiration (mm) 493.7 Runoff (mm) 1013.3 Air temperature (°C) 1.2 Snow cover duration (days) 144 Nash-Sutcliffe Hintersee (Ramsauer Ache) 0.65 Ramsau (Wimbach)

  • 0.31

Ilsank (Ramsauer Ache) 0.63 Schwoeb (Koenigsseer Ache) 0.38 Stanggass (Bischofswieser Ache) 0.12 Klaeranlage (Berchtesgadener Ache) 0.91 Almbachmuehle (Almbach) 0.44

  • St. Leonhard (Berchtesgadener Ache)

0.82 Nash-Sutcliffe = 0.96

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Original approach: WaSiM Day-Degree (Temperature-Index method) Modeled days with snow coverage during winter 2005/2006

WaSiM-ETH Snow Module

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

WaSiM-ETH Snow Module

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

What‘s new?

  • Energy and mass balance of the snow cover

(radiation balance, turbulent fluxes, advective heat flux, soil heat flux)

  • Lateral snow redistribution

Implementation of AMUNDSEN in WaSiM-ETH

M B A E H Q

Q net radiation H sensible heat flux E latent heat flux A advective heat flux (precipitation) B soil heat flux M snowmelt or cooling/refreezing

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Snow water equivalent at the station Kühroint (1407 m a.s.l.)

Results – Energy balance Temperature-Index vs. Energy-Balance at the station Kühroint

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Results – Energy balance

Day-Degree Energy-Balance Energy-Balance + Snowslides

Changes in modelled snow cover duration due to energy-balance method

Snowdays (energy-balance) MINUS Snowdays (Day-degree)

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Locations of snow deposition by gravitational transport

Lateral snow transport

Gruber, S.: A mass-conserving fast algorithm to parameterize gravitational transport and deposition using digital elevation models, Water Resour. Res., 43, W06412, doi:10.1029/2006WR004868, 2007.

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Processes:

  • 1. Preferential deposition of snow precipitation (before it has reached the ground)
  • 2. Wind-driven transport of previously fallen snow (erosion, saltation and accumulation)
  • 3. Effective sublimation of wind-blown snow into the atmosphere

Depending on: Windspeed and direction, snow cover, shear stress, snow surface properties, snow density, humidity, temperature, radiation, …

Snow and wind

Plattner (2004)

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Snow and wind

Methods

Bernhardt et al. (2009): Using wind fields from a high-resolution atmospheric model for simulating snow dynamics in mountainous terrain Winstral and Marks (2002): Simulating wind fields and snow redistribution using terrain-based parameters to model snow accumulation and melt over a semi-arid mountain catchment

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Snow and wind

BERNHARDT, M., ZÄNGL, G., LISTON, G. E., STRASSER, U. AND MAUSER, W. (2009): Using wind fields from a high-resolution atmospheric model for simulating snow dynamics in mountainous terrain. Hydrological Processes, 23: 1064–1075. doi: 10.1002/hyp.7208

Coupled atmospheric / snow transport model Parameterization (wind direction SW)

BERNHARDT, M., LISTON, G.E., STRASSER, U., ZÄNGL, G. AND SCHULZ, K. (2010): High resolution modelling of snow transport in complex terrain using downscaled MM5 wind fields, The Cryosphere, 4, 1-15.

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Snow and wind

Parameterization (wind direction SW) Coupled atmospheric / snow transport model

 Similar spatial patterns

BERNHARDT, M., ZÄNGL, G., LISTON, G. E., STRASSER, U. AND MAUSER, W. (2009): Using wind fields from a high-resolution atmospheric model for simulating snow dynamics in mountainous terrain. Hydrological Processes, 23: 1064–1075. doi: 10.1002/hyp.7208 BERNHARDT, M., LISTON, G.E., STRASSER, U., ZÄNGL, G. AND SCHULZ, K. (2010): High resolution modelling of snow transport in complex terrain using downscaled MM5 wind fields, The Cryosphere, 4, 1-15.

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Landsat RGB ETM+ 01.05.2005 NDSI (not showing negative values) 01.05.2005 Modelled mean snow cover duration 2002 – 2007

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Landsat RGB ETM+ 01.05.2005 NDSI (not showing negative values) 01.05.2005 Modelled mean snow cover duration 2002 – 2007

Landsat ETM+ Model (WaSiM-ETH + AMUNDSEN)

Remote Sensing

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Runoff, snowmelt and rainfall at gauge Hintersee (melting period spring 2006)

Snowmelt and Runoff Do we need that within hydrological LSMs?

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Ausblick

  • Stabile Isotope im Wasser als Tracer
  • Klimaimpaktanalyse (ECHAM5  WRF  WaSiM-ETH + AMUNDSEN)
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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Ausblick Klimaimpaktanalyse (ECHAM5  WRF  WaSiM-ETH + AMUNDSEN) 2020-2050 vs. 1970-2000

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 01.03.12 Michael Warscher, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)

Thanks!