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Critical Thinking: A Critical Skill

David E. Nash, CPPO, CPPB

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 How do you put a giraffe into a refrigerator?  Y

• u open the refrigerator, put in the giraffe and close

the door.

 This question tests whether you tend to do simple

things in an overly complicated way.

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 How do put an elephant into a refrigerator?  Y

• u open the door, take out the giraffe and put in the

elephant.

 This question tests your ability to think through the

repercussions of your previous actions.

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 The king of the forest is hosting an animal conference.

All of the animals attend except one. Which one does not attend?

 The elephant. He’s in the refrigerator. Y

• u just put him

there.

 This question tests your memory.

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 There is a river you must cross, but it is inhabited by

• crocodiles. How do you manage it?

 Y

• u swim across. All of the crocodiles are attending the

animal conference.

 This question tests whether you learn quickly from

your mistakes.

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Discover the obstacles to overcome for more

productive thought and better decisions.

 Find better ways to learn, listen and understand.  Apply the problem-solving process and learn ways to

devise effective, long-lasting solutions.

 Think for yourself.

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Recognize the problem  Define it  Learn more about it  Brainstorm possible solutions  Choose a solution(s) and set goals  Troubleshoot any problems  Try the solution and assess results  Use, modify or reject. Repeat as necessary

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Definition: something that calls for a solution  Roadblocks to recognizing them

• T
• avoid taking action
• T
• avoid taking responsibility

 Types

• Severe

 M ajor  M inor

• Important

 Cost of problem-solving

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 Define it

• Do not be overwhelmed at first
• Get information
• Do not just solve off-shoots

 Distinguish between problem, symptoms,

consequences

• Avoid assumptions
• Think it through – what is really happening?

 Group action  Roadblock – acting too quickly

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Increase awareness  Use our senses  Direct method  Gather information  Focus  Concentrate  Create context  Be thorough

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 M eaningful display of complex information  Help us to see patterns & organize our thinking  Help us to gather and compress information  Keep us focused on our goal  Show us what we know & what we need to find out  Help us understand & interpret thoughts & ideas

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Concept map  Webbing  Venn diagram  Chart  Problem/solution outline

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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Problem

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Central Problem

Symptom/ Cause Symptom/ Cause Symptom/ Cause *PS *PS *PS *PS *PS *PS

*Possible Solution

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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Problem 1 Problem 2 Problem 3 Possible Solution Final Decision

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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Choices Rent Location Space Floors

• Bldg. A
• Bldg. B
• Bldg. C

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Problems Who What When Where Why How E ffects 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Causes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Possible S

• lutions

Possible Outcomes 1. 2. 1. 2.

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Problems:

• Equipment needed for a new park
• Paint city hall
• Additional staff person needed
• Y
• ur child wants a pet dog
• Employee needs disciplining
• Need a date for Saturday night
• Complaints about small dollar

purchase policy

• Y
• ur pre-teen wants a cell phone
• Y
• ur spouse wants a vacation

Draw me on a piece of paper

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Goal – a thing to accomplish or solve  Why?

• Helps make things happen
• Gives us focus
• A map to guide us

 Qualities of a good goal

• In writing
• Specific
• M easurable
• Realistic
• Deadline

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 Think ahead  Anticipate what might go wrong  Resolve when a more manageable size  Prevent from even occurring  Takes work

GOAL Potential Problems How to Avoid

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Libraries

• People trained to help
• Non-searchable print
• Information has been vetted
• Have the “in-between” stuff
• Are free

 Experts – the human resource

• Know their subject
• Can be relied upon for correct information
• Can save time over library and web
• Credentials – are they really an expert?

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 The Internet (a)

• Search methods

 Search engines like Google, Y

ahoo, Ask, etc.

 Subject directories  Go directly to a site

• Roadblocks

 Lots of poorly researched data  Lots of slipshod work  Lots of knowingly false data  Fiction posing as fact

• Reliability check

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 The Internet (b)

• Tales a web address can tell

 Business and news - .com  Information - .gov, .mil, .edu, .us  Organization - .org  Personal web pages – tilde (~) in address is tip-off

• Links

 Do they work?  Well organized?  Represent other viewpoints?  Bias?

• Verify reproduced information
• Is information current?

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 LA Times, WSJ, NY Times, USA T

• day, M iami Herald

vs supermarket tabloids

 Fact vs opinion

• Facts – objective statements that can be verified
• Opinion – subjective statements based on personal belief

 Do we trust the source?  Is there bias?  Is content accurate?

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Persuasion

• Anyone can use it
• Political groups try to get our vote
• Advertisers try to sell us stuff
• Propaganda

 Rhetoric

• Logos – appealing to reason
• Pathos – appealing to emotion

 Scare tactics  Pity  Flattery

• Ethos – appealing to the character of the speaker

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 Rhetorical devices

• Rhetorical question
• Rule of three
• Emotional language
• Hyperbole
• Sound patterns
• Comparisons

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Implementing techniques

• Get their attention / Be sincere
• Be personal / Show concern
• Ask for what you want

 Persuasive advertising

• Sensory appeal
• Sex appeal
• Group appeal
• Authority
• Scientific or statistical
• Flattery
• Unfinished claim

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 M anipulating surveys

• Use an appropriate sample size

 Large enough  Similar to target population  Random

• Remain unbiased

 M argin of error – indication of confidence  Correlation studies  Statistics

• Is it meaningful?
• Is it misrepresenting something?

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Recognize them  Bias and stereotyping  M aking decisions under stress

• Inability to recognize/understand problem
• Difficulty brainstorming/setting reasonable goals
• Inability to assess the solution

 Ego

• We can overstate our abilities
• We may not be able to take valid criticism

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Two facts or premises that if both true

will make the conclusion true

 Fallacies

• Slippery slope
• False dilemma
• Circular reasoning
• Equivocation

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 Two facts or premises that if both true

will make the conclusion probably true

 M easured by:

• Past experience
• Common sense or smart guess

 Fallacies

• Chicken and egg
• Jumping to conclusions or

hasty generalizations

• Composition
• Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

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 Red herring  Ad hominem

• Abusive
• Circumstantial
• Tu quoque

 Straw man

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Explanation – reasons or causes for something

• Gives new information
• T
• pic is accepted as fact
• Removes or lessens a problem
• It is relevant

 Argument – evidence for a conclusion

• Judgments
• Opinions

 Differences

• Explanations are not about persuasion
• Feelings and beliefs are used in arguments
• Talk of future can be both

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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 Tricky

• Stakes are high
• Information is incomplete
• Knowledgeable people disagree
• Ethics/conflicting values involved

 Outcome is both subjective

and debatable

 Preparation

• Gather as much information as possible
• Seek out others for info. and feedback
• Play “what if?”

 Bias and intuition  Making the call

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Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill, Tampa Bay NIGP, Mar 4, 2016

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