SLIDE 1
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Slide 1 / 123 Organic Chemistry
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Slide 2 / 123
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is the backbone of biological molecule Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids could not form.
Organic Chemistry
Stearate C17H36O2
Slide 3 / 123
SLIDE 2 Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms
Organic Chemistry Slide 4 / 123
Carbon has four valence electrons to make covalent bonds Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four
Electron configuration is the key to an atom’s characteristics Electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms
Organic Chemistry Slide 5 / 123
1 Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of
A
functional groups.
B
vital forces interacting with matter.
C
carbon compounds.
D
water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules.
E
inorganic compounds.
Slide 6 / 123
SLIDE 3
2 Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom?
A
Carbon has 6 to 8 neutrons.
B
Carbon has a valence of 4.
C
Carbon forms ionic bonds.
D
A and C only
E
A, B, and C
Slide 7 / 123
3 How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A 1 B 2 C 4 D 6 E 8
Slide 8 / 123
4 What type/s of bond/s does carbon have a tendency to form?
A
Ionic
B
Hydrogen
C
Covalent
D
A and B
E
A, B and C
Slide 9 / 123
SLIDE 4 5 Organic chemistry is currently defined as
A
the study of compounds that can be made only by living cells.
B
the study of carbon compounds.
C
the study of vital forces.
D
the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds.
E
the study of hydrocarbons.
Slide 10 / 123
Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen
- atoms. There are two major categories: Aliphatic and Aromatic
Aliphatic hydrocarbons : compounds with carbon atoms connected in a straight chain Aliphatic compounds consist of three classes of compounds: · Alkanes · Alkenes · Alkynes Aromatic hydrocarbons : compounds with carbon atoms connected to form cyclic structure and with an aroma (smell or odor)
Hydrocarbons Slide 11 / 123
Hydrocarbon chains made up of all SINGLE carbon bonds They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons They are “saturated” with hydrogens Name uses the ending -ane Examples: Methane, Propane, Butane, Octane
Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes Slide 12 / 123
SLIDE 5 The general formula CnH2n+2 n = number of carbon atoms
Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane CH4 Methane C2H6 Ethane C3H8 Propane C4H10 Butane C5H12 Pentane
Formula Name Formula Name (The students can fill this)
Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes
Slide 13 / 123 Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes Slide 14 / 123
Hydrocarbons are non polar. All C-H bonds are nonpolar. As the number of electrons in the molecule increases ( larger molecules), it would be easily polarizable and hence the LD forces
- increases. This increases the bpt. of the higher alkanes.
Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes Slide 15 / 123
SLIDE 6 Straight chain alkanes: An alkane that has all its carbons connected in a row. CH3-CH2-CH3 Branched chain alkanes: An alkane that has a branching connection
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3
Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes Slide 16 / 123
Alkanes: Ethane
Structural formula Condensed formula Branched chain
CH3 - CH
3
C C H H H H H H
Slide 17 / 123 Alkanes
Branched chain Pentane Isopentane Neopentane
CH3 - CH(CH3) - CH2 - CH3 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 C(CH3)4
Slide 18 / 123
SLIDE 7
6 What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble in water?
A
The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages
B
The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages
C
They are hydrophilic
D
They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity
E
They are lighter than water
Slide 19 / 123 Alkenes
Alkenes have at least one 1 double bond between two carbon atoms. General formula: CnH2n The name uses the ending -ene The first member would be C2H4 - Ethene (from 2 carbon parent, ethane) C3H6 - Propene Ethene
Slide 20 / 123
Alkyne general formula: CnH2n-2 They must have at least one triple bond The name uses the ending -yne C2H2 Ethyne or commonly known as acetylene C3H4 Propyne or propylene
Alkynes
Ethyne
Slide 21 / 123
SLIDE 8
Ball and stick model Space filling model Molecular formula
Structural formula
Aliphatic hydrocarbons Slide 22 / 123 Cycloalkanes
Carbon can also form ringed structures. Five and six-membered rings are most stable. They can take on conformations in which their bond angles are very close to the tetrahedra angle. Smaller rings are quite strained
Slide 23 / 123 Aromatic hydrocarbons
They have benzene ring structure (hexagon) and a particular aroma. CH3 Benzene Toluene (methyl benzene)
Slide 24 / 123
SLIDE 9
7 Hydrocarbons
A
are polar.
B
are held together by ionic bonds.
C
contain nitrogen.
D
contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
E
are held together by hydrogen bonds.
Slide 25 / 123
8 Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
A
C3H8
B
C2H6
C
CH4
D
C2H4
E
C2H2
Slide 26 / 123
9 The gasoline consumed by an automobile is a fossil fuel consisting mostly of
A
aldehydes
B
amino acidd
C
alcohols
D
hydrocarbons
E
thiols
Slide 27 / 123
SLIDE 10
10 Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called __________.
A
alkenes
B
alkynes
C
aromatics
D
alkanes
E
ketones
Slide 28 / 123
11 Which is the formula of an alkane?
A
C10H10
B
C10H18
C
C10H20
D
C10H22
E
C10H24
Slide 29 / 123
12 Hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds are called________.
A
alkenes
B
alkynes
C
aromatics
D
alkanes
E
ketones
Slide 30 / 123
SLIDE 11 13 Which is the formula of an alkyne?
A
C10H10
B
C10H18
C
C10H20
D
C10H22
E
C10H24
Slide 31 / 123
14 The molecular geometry of each carbon atom in an alkane is ________.
A
B
square planar
C
trigonal planar
D
tetrahedral
E
trigonal pyramidal
Slide 32 / 123
15 The general formula of an alkane is _______.
A
C2nH2n+2
B
CnH2n
C
CnH2n+2
D
CnH2n-2
E
CnHn
Slide 33 / 123
SLIDE 12 16 An alkene has at least one ________ and has the general formula ______.
A
C-C single bond, CnH2n+2
B
C-C double bond, CnH2n
C
C-C triple bond, CnH2n
D
C-C double bond, CnH2n-2
E
C-C triple bond, CnH2n-2
Slide 34 / 123
17 The compound below is an _________.
A
alkyne
B
alkene
C
alkane
D
aromatic compound
E
Slide 35 / 123
18 Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is __________.
A
less dense than water
B
less viscous than wtaer
C
nonpolar and water is polar
D
volatile and water is not
E
polar and water is nonpolar
Slide 36 / 123
SLIDE 13
19 Which substance would be the most soluble in gasoline?
A
water
B
NaNO3
C
HCl
D
hexane
E
NaCl
Slide 37 / 123
20 ________ could be the formula of an alkene.
A
C3H8
B
C3H6
C
C6H6
D
C17H36
E
CH8
Slide 38 / 123
Hydrocarbons exhibit a phenomenon called isomerism- existence of different molecular arrangement but same formula. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties: Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other
Isomers Slide 39 / 123
SLIDE 14 Structural Isomers
Isomers Slide 40 / 123
cis isomer: The two CH3 are on the same side. trans isomer: The two CH3 are on
Geometric Isomers
Isomers Slide 41 / 123
Enantiomers differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images, like left and right hands. The two isomers are designated the L and D isomers from the Latin for left and right (levo and dextro). Enantiomers cannot be superimposed on each other. Enantiomers are isomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images
Isomers
Enantiomers (optical isomers)
Slide 42 / 123
SLIDE 15 Bond Angle at Each C Atom
Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Slide 43 / 123
21 Structural isomers are molecules that
A
are enantiomers.
B
are hydrocarbons.
C
have a ring structure.
D
are mirror images.
E
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Slide 44 / 123
22 The two molecules shown here are best
described as
A
B
radioactive isotopes
C
structural isomers
D
nonradioactive isotopes
E
geometric isomers
CH3 - CH2 -O-H CH3-O-CH3
Slide 45 / 123
SLIDE 16 Which of the following is true of geometric isomers? They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images. They have the same chemical properties. They have different molecular formulas. Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences
23
A B C D E
Slide 46 / 123
24 The two molecules shown below are best described as
A
B
radioactive isotopes.
C
structural isomers.
D
nonradioactive isotopes.
E
geometric isomers.
Slide 47 / 123
- 1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
This is called the parent chain. (Examples: methane, propane, etc.)
- 2. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end
nearest an attached group (substituent).
- 3. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
(Examples: methyl-, bromo-, etc.)
- 4. Designate the location of each substituent group
with the number
- f the carbon parent chain on which the
group is attached. Place a dash between numbers and letters. (Example: 3-chloropentane)
- 5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical
- rder.
The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing. Place a comma between multiple
- numbers. (Example: 2,3-dichloropropane)
Naming Organic Compounds Slide 48 / 123
SLIDE 17
Naming Organic Compounds
Where is the longest continuous chain of carbons?
Slide 49 / 123 Naming Organic Compounds
Number the parent chain so that the attached groups are on the lowest numbers.
Slide 50 / 123
· Carbon (alkyl) groups · Methyl CH3 - · Ethyl CH3CH2- · Propyl CH3CH2CH2 – · Halogens · Fluoro (F-) · Chloro (Cl-) · Bromo (Br-) · Iodo (I-)
Naming Organic Compounds
Names of attached groups/substituents
Slide 51 / 123
SLIDE 18 Naming Organic Compounds
1,1,1-trichloro-1-fluoromethane 1,1-dichloro-1,1-difluoromethane
Slide 52 / 123 Naming Organic Compounds
3-ethylhexane 2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane
Draw the structures
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH2
Name the compounds below
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3
Slide 53 / 123
IN A TIE, halogens get the lower number before alkyl groups
Naming Organic Compounds
4-chloro-2-methylpentane or 2-chloro-4-methylpentane?
4-bromo-2-chloropentane or 2-bromo-4-chloropentane ?
IN A TIE between SIMILAR GROUPS, the group lower ALPHABETICALLY gets the lower number
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH
Cl Cl H3C Br CH3
Slide 54 / 123
SLIDE 19
IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkenes and alkynes are similar to alkanes. Step 1. Name the parent compound. Find the longest chain containing the double or triple bond, and name the parent compound by adding the suffix –ene or –yne to the name of the main chain.
Naming Organic Compounds Slide 55 / 123 Naming Organic Compounds Slide 56 / 123 Naming Organic Compounds
CH2=CHCH2CH3 1-butene but-1-ene CH3CH=CHCH3 2-butene but-2-ene CH3C CCH3 2-butyne but-2-yne
Slide 57 / 123
SLIDE 20 Write the IUPAC name for each of the following unsaturated compounds:
CH3 B. CH3C=CHCH3
Naming Organic Compounds
C.
CH3
Slide 58 / 123
Double bond is fixed Cis/trans Isomers are possible CH3 CH3 CH3 CH = CH CH = CH cis trans CH3
Naming Organic Compounds Slide 59 / 123
Many aromatic compounds are common in nature and in medicine.
Naming Organic Compounds
COOCH3 COOH OCH3 OH CHO COOH CH3 CH CH3 CH3 -CH-CH2
aspirin vanillin ibuprofen
Slide 60 / 123
SLIDE 21 Naming Organic Compounds
Aromatic compounds are named with benzene as the parent
- chain. One side group is named in front
- f the name benzene.
No number is needed for mono-substituted benzene since all the ring positions are identical.
Cl CH3
chlorobenzene methylbenzene/toluene
Slide 61 / 123
When two groups are attached to benzene, the ring is numbered to give the lower numbers to the side groups. The prefixes ortho (1,2), meta (1,3-) and para (1,4-) are also used
Naming Organic Compounds
CH3 CH3 Cl Cl CH3 Cl
1,2 dmethylbenzene Ortho- dimethylbenzene 1,3 dichlorobenzene meta- dichlorobenzene 1-chloro- 4-methyl benzene para- chloromethylbenzene
Slide 62 / 123
Write the structural formulas for each of the following:
- A. 1,3-dichlorobenzene
- B. Ortho-chlorotoluene
Naming Organic Compounds Slide 63 / 123
SLIDE 22 Functional Groups
Haloalkanes/alkenes/alkynes Alcohols/Thiols Acids Amines Ketones Aldehydes Esters Ether A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that imparts special physical and chemical properties to the compound Based on the functional group, the compounds are classified as follows.
Slide 64 / 123 Halo- alkanes/alkenes/alkynes
Presence of a Halogen atom (F, Cl, Br or I) CH3Cl, CH2Cl2 , CHCl3, CCl4, F2C=CF2 , FC = CF They are formed when one or more H atoms are replaced by halogen atom/s
CH3CH2CH2CH CH3 Cl CH3CH2CH2C CH2 Cl
Slide 65 / 123 Alcohols and Thiols
The functional group is a hydroxyl group, -OH If O is replaced by a S atom, it is called a thiol -SH Thiol is the same as sulfhydride OH- - hydroxyl group SH- - sulfhydryl group In CH4, if one H is replaced by -OH The name ends with -ol, drop the alkane "e" add "ol"
Slide 66 / 123
SLIDE 23
Ethane becomes ethyl alcohol or ethanol
Alcohols and Thiols
OH C H H H OH C H H H H C H Methane becomes methyl alcohol or Methanol
Slide 67 / 123
25 A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?
A
It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid.
B
It should dissolve in water.
C
It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent.
D
It won't form hydrogen bonds with water.
E
It is hydrophobic.
Slide 68 / 123
26 Which of the structures contain(s) a hydroxyl group?
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
C & E
E
None of the structures
Slide 69 / 123
SLIDE 24
27 In which of the structures are the atoms bonded ionic bonds?
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
C, D, E
E
None of the structures
Slide 70 / 123 Acids or Carboxylic Acids
The functional group is -COOH Replace one H atom in the alkane by a -COOH group HCOOH = Methanoic acid or formic acid CH3COOH = Ethanoic acid or acetic acid or vinegar CH3CH2COOH = Propanoic acid Drop the "e" from the parent alkane and add " oic acid" COOH COOH ethane di-carboxylic acid or oxalic acid
Slide 71 / 123
Amines
The functional group is - NH2 CH3NH2 Replace one H by an -NH 2 group CH3NH2 Amino methane or Methyl amine More than one functional groups, same or different are common in organic compounds example: amino acids. They have amine and acid groups
Slide 72 / 123
SLIDE 25
What is the name of the functional group shown in the following figure?
carbonyl ketone aldehyde carboxyl hydroxyl 28
A B C D E
Slide 73 / 123
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
ketone and aldehyde carbonyl and carboxyl carboxyl and amino phosphate and sulfhydryl hydroxyl and aldehyde 29
A B C D E
Slide 74 / 123 Ketones
The functional group is -C=O or "carbonyl" group and is usually sandwiched between two carbon groups. CH3CH2CH3 = propane CH3CO CH3 propanone or acetone ( nail polish remover) Drop e and add none H3C- C- CH3 CH3COC2H5 Ethyl methyl ketone or butanone O
Slide 75 / 123
SLIDE 26
Ketones
Estrogen- has two hydroxyl groups in it. Testosterone - one hydroxyl group is replaced by a ketone.The property and function of the molecules changes.
Slide 76 / 123 Aldehydes
The functional group is -CHO with a C=O bond drop 'e' of the parent alkane and add 'nal' HCHO - (1 carbon) Methanal or Formaldehyde CH3CHO - (2 carbon) Ethanal or Acetaldehyde
Slide 77 / 123 Aldehydes, Ketones and Acids
The way the carbonyl group is bonded to the main body of the molecule is different in acids, ketones and aldehydes The C=O is between two other carbon atoms ( alkyl groups) in the molecule
Slide 78 / 123
SLIDE 27
Aldehydes, Ketones and Acids
The way the carbonyl group is bonded to the main body of the molecule is different in acids, ketones and aldehydes The C=O group is at the end ( terminal carbon) of the molecule and should be connected to a H atom
Slide 79 / 123 Aldehydes, Ketones and Acids
The way the carbonyl group is bonded to the main body of the molecule is different in acids, ketones and aldehydes The C=O bond should be connected to an OH group
Slide 80 / 123
What is the name of the functional group shown in the following figure?
30
A B C D E
R-C=O R
(R = any carbon group)
carbonyl ketone aldehyde carboxyl hydroxyl
Slide 81 / 123
SLIDE 28 31 Draw the structure of propanoic acid
Slide 82 / 123 Ester
The functional group is -COOR where R could be another alkyl group Esters are formed by the combination of an acid and an alcohol by eliminating one molecule of water. They are usually pleasant smelling compounds (natural oils and essence) CH3COOH + CH
3OH --> CH 3COOCH3
CH3COOCH3 - methyl acetate CH3COOC2H5 - ethyl acetate C2H5COOCH3 - methyl propanoate
Slide 83 / 123 Ether
The functional group is an O atom sandwiched between two carbon groups. CH3-O- CH3 dimethyl ether They are highly flammable and used as solvents in organic synthesis
Slide 84 / 123
SLIDE 29
Groups with a Carbon–Oxygen Double Bond (Carbonyl Groups) Slide 85 / 123 Amides
Amides are formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids with amines.
RCOOH + H2NR' --> -H2O
CONH linkage is known as the amide linkage (peptide) in proteins. This linkage is formed when several amino acids join with their acid and amino groups together.
Slide 86 / 123
32 Which is the best description of a carbonyl group?
A
an oxygen joined to a carbon by a single covalent bond
B
a nitrogen and two hydrogens joined to a carbon by covalent bonds
C
a carbon joined to two hydrogens by single covalent bonds
D
a sulfur and a hydrogen joined to a carbon by covalent bonds
E
a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond
Slide 87 / 123
SLIDE 30
33 What is the name of the functional group shown below.
A
carbonyl
B
ketone
C
aldehyde
D
carboxyl
E
hydroxyl
Slide 88 / 123
34 Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?
A
an alcohol such as ethanol
B
a monosaccharide such as glucose
C
a steroid such as testosterone
D
an amino acid such as glycine
E
a hydrocarbon such as benzene
Slide 89 / 123
35 What type of functional group is shown in the compound below?
A
carbonyl
B
ketone
C
aldehyde
D
carboxyl
E
hydroxyl
Slide 90 / 123
SLIDE 31
36 A B C D E Which molecule contains an amine functional group?
Slide 91 / 123
37 A B C D E Which molecule contains an aldehyde functional group?
Slide 92 / 123
38 A B C D E Which molecule contains an alcohol functional group?
Slide 93 / 123
SLIDE 32
39 Which one of the following is not an alcohol?
A
acetone
B
glycerol
C
ethanol
D
cholesterol
E
ethylene glycol
Slide 94 / 123 Macromolecules
Marcromolecules are large molecules composed of smaller molecules. They have complex structures Carbon has the unique property of joining together via covalent bonding to form large (macro) molecules. Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
Slide 95 / 123 Macromolecules
In living things, three major classes of organic molecules are polymers Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acids
Slide 96 / 123
SLIDE 33 Although organisms share the same limited number of monomer types, each organism is unique based on the arrangement of monomers into polymers An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers
Polymers
Polymer Made of these monomers Proteins Amino acids Carbohydrates Simple sugars (monosaccharides) Nucleic acids Nucleotides
Slide 97 / 123
The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers Monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions called dehydration reactions
Polymers
Is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers
longer polymer Monomer short polymer
Slide 98 / 123
The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
Polymers
longer polymer Monomer short polymer
Slide 99 / 123
SLIDE 34 Amino Acids and Proteins
Proteins are formed when several amino acids combine together. Acid and amine end of the molecules join together to form long peptide chain. Peptide chain with 50 or more amino acids can form an individual protein. Peptide Chain
Slide 100 / 123 Carbohydrates/Sugars
Simple sugars are poly-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones. Table sugar, (sucrose) is made up of glucose and fructose. They all have several hydroxyl groups in their structure that makes them soluble in water. Sugars are otherwise known as saccharides.
C
Glucose Fructose (Monosaccharide) Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides. Sucrose is a disaccharide.
Slide 101 / 123
In solution, carbohydrates form cyclic structures. They can form chains of sugars that form structural molecules such as starch and cellulose. Not all sugars are sweet.
Carbohydrates/Sugars Slide 102 / 123
SLIDE 35 Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are made up of monomer units called nucleotides. Sugar + Base + PO4
3- = nucleotide
A nucleotide is made up of 3 components: a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) + a nitrogenous base + a phosphate group, PO 43-
Slide 103 / 123
Sugars
Bases Two of the building blocks of RNA and DNA are sugars (ribose or deoxyribose) and cyclic bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine or uracil)
Nucleic Acids Slide 104 / 123 Nucleic Acids
RNA DNA Ribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid Contains the sugar ribose Contains the sugar deoxyribose Uses bases A, C, G and U Uses bases A, C, G and T Function is to make proteins Function is to carry genetic code
Slide 105 / 123
SLIDE 36 Nucleotides combine to form the familiar double-helix form of the nucleic acids The blue ribbon is the sugar/phosphate backbone The bases are the rungs in the (spiral) ladder The nucleotides join together via hydrogen bonding through their bases: A-T, C-G etc.
Nucleic Acids Slide 106 / 123
40 Which of the following is not one of the four major groups of macromolecules found in living
A
glucose
B
carbohydrates
C lipids D
proteins
E
nucleic acids
Slide 107 / 123
41 Glucose is a type of _______.
A
amino acid
B
protein
C carbohydrate D
nucleotide
E
nucleic acids
Slide 108 / 123
SLIDE 37
42 Nucleic acids are made up of __________.
A
amino acids
B
proteins
C carbohydrates D
nucleotides
E
sugars
Slide 109 / 123
43 A nucleotide consists of _____________.
A
glucose + fructose + amino acid
B
glucose + fructose + phosphate group
C amino acid + protein + phosphate group D
sugar + base + amino acid
E
sugar + base + phosphate group
Slide 110 / 123
44 Polymers of polysaccharides and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by which process?
A
connecting monosaccharides together (condensation reactions)
B
the addition of water to each monomer (hydrolysis)
C
the removal of water (dehydration reactions)
D
ionic bonding of the monomers
E
the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers
Slide 111 / 123
SLIDE 38 Other Complex Molecules of Life
Fats and Lipids are another major category of molecules found in living things. They are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules and, unlike the other macromolecules, are not made up of polymers.
Slide 112 / 123
Fats and lipids are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids. Carboxylic acids have a very long chain of carbon atoms and v ary in the length and number and locations of double bonds they contain.
Fats and Lipids
A fatty acid
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
Glycerol
Slide 113 / 123
Attachment of fatty acids to glycerol
Fats and Lipids Slide 114 / 123
SLIDE 39
Fats and Lipids
3 fatty acids added to glycerol producing a fat molecule
Slide 115 / 123
Saturated fatty acids: have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible have no double bonds in their carbon chain animal origin
Fats and Lipids Slide 116 / 123
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds when hydrogenated (more hydrogens are added) they become solid and saturated mainly plant origin
Fats and Lipids Slide 117 / 123
SLIDE 40 Phospholipids:
have only two fatty acids have a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes
Fats and Lipids Slide 118 / 123
Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting
- f three or more fused rings.
Cholesterol
Fats and Lipids Slide 119 / 123
45 Which of the following is (are) true for the class
- f large biological molecules known as lipids?
A
They are insoluble in water.
B
They are an important constituent of cell membranes.
C
They provide the least amount of energy in living organisms
D
Only A and B are correct.
E
A, B, and C are correct.
Slide 120 / 123
SLIDE 41 46 Saturated fatty acids
A
are the predominant fatty acid in corn
B
have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids.
C
have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than do unsaturated fatty acids.
D
are usually liquid at room temperature.
E
are usually produced by plants.
Slide 121 / 123
47 The hydrogenation of vegetable oil would result in which of the following?
A
a decrease in the number of carbon- carbon double bonds in the oil (fat) molecules
B
an increase in the number of hydrogen atoms in the oil (fat) molecule
C
the oil (fat) being a solid at room temperature
D
A and C only
E
A, B, and C
Slide 122 / 123 Slide 123 / 123
