Ship classification, ship design and on board apparatus September - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TrainMoS II Project – Module 2.1.1: “Maritime sustainability and MoS ” “Ship classification, ship design and on board apparatus ” “ September 16 th , 2015” Massimo Figari, University of Genoa

HIGH LEVEL DRIVERS • Ship classification – confidence – compliance • Ship design – safety – efficiency – sustainability – security • On board apparatus – reliability and/or availability in Ship operation

Ship Classification confidence compliance SHIP CLASSIFICATION

International Laws Codes International Conventions • SOLAS • FSS Code • HSC Code • IBC Code • MARPOL • ICS Code • IGC Code • STCW • IMDG Code • ISM Code • Load Lines • ISPS Code

EU and Italian laws • EU Directives • EMSA (European Maritime Safety Authority) headquarter Lisbon • Italian Laws • Flag Autority (Autorità Marittima Italiana) – Ministero dei Trasporti – Capitanerie di Porto – Guardia Costiera • Local and Port Rules

Control Instruments • Flag State Control • Diritto all’auto protezione • Italian Laws • Port State Control • IMO Conventions & Resolutions • ILO Conventions

Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control • Paris MOU • Viña del Mar Agreement • Black Sea MOU • Tokyo MOU • Indian Ocean MOU • Persic Gulf MOU • Caribbean MOU • Mediterranean MOU • African MOU

Rules & Classification Society • Purpose of the Rules – The Rules published by the Society give the requirements for the assignment and the maintenance of class for seagoing ships. – Class assigned to a ship reflects the discretionary opinion of the Society that the ship, for declared conditions of use and within the relevant time frame, complies with the Rules applicable at the time the service is rendered.

Class & Rules • Classification Societies: http://www.iacs.org – RINA – LR – ABS – DNV-GL – BV – NKK – CCS, CRS, IRCLASS, KR, RS • Private relationship between ship owner and Classification Society • Frequently Classification Societies act on behalf on National Autority (compiti di Stato)

Ship design safety efficiency sustainability security SHIP DESIGN

Ship : a definition • a vessel propelled by engines or sails for navigating on the water (Collins Dictionary) • Taxonomy – Naval or military vessel • Front line ships • Auxiliary and second line ships – Merchant vessel • Cargo vessel • Passenger vessel – Pleasure craft

Military vessels 12

RO/RO-PASSENGER 13

Supply vessel anchor handler 14

Bulk carrier 15

Tankers – Vessel Class, Capacity (thousands of DWT) 16

Tanker fleet - Number of ships Change in number of ships 6.000 5.500 5.000 4.500 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 500 0 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Source: SSY (Simpson Spence & Young) – June 2014 17

IMO Classification of LNG Vessels Independent Tanks Integrated Tanks Type A Type B Type C Membrane Tanks P < 700mbar P < 700mbar P < 700mbar P > 2000mbar Full Secondary Barrier Partially Secondary Barrier No Secondary Barrier Full Secondary Barrier Spherical (Moss) Cylindrical GTT No 96 Prismatic Self Supporting Bilobe GTT Mark III 18

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 0 LNG fleet - Number of ships 1972 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 19

Ship design safety efficiency sustainability security ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy Efficiency • Energy efficiency (public&private driver) and sustainability (public driver) merge together when dealing with CO2 • MARPOL ANNEX VI (see document) • EU Regulation 2015/757 - CO2 Monitoring, Reporting, Verification (MRV)

Main propulsion system & ship service system design Subjects 1. Propulsion systems 2. Auxiliary systems 3. Ship service systems 22

Propulsion systems design drivers • Low weight • Low volume and footprint area • Minimum life cycle cost (procurement, construction, operation, maintenance, dismantling) • Reliability, Availability, Maintainability (RAM) targets • Survivability requirements • Low manning requirements 23

Propulsion systems design procedure DESIGN phases 1 Customer requirements (technical specifications) Identification of contraints (Rules, environmental, ethical issues) 2 Identification of available spaces on the base on the preliminary General Arrangement 3 Main systems Layout , weights and centre of gravity 4 Preliminary schemes (line diagrams) 5 Plants Functional schemes and components design 6 3D drawings and final layout 7 Circuit losses and final components design/verification 8 Fabrication drawings 9 Installation drawings 24

Overall Propulsion Efficiency Fuel Prime Transmis Propulsor tank mover sion Q f P O Gear Prime mover P T P D P S P B P E P E OPC p p k e overall propulsion efficiency OPC P B ij i 1 j 1 P R V effective power E t N e P M M 2 n M 2 B B B e B brake power 60 25

Propulsion power estimation 2 3 3 V P B K ADM P B K B 1 2 3 3 3 V 2 V P B N K PL 26

PRIME MOVERS: 2 Stroke & 4 stroke DIESEL ENGINES 3600 1000 m g f P M 2 n sfc B B e P kW h eng B m LHV f f f kg m P kW f B s P B M C m K pme kNm B 1 f 27

Prime mover : 4 stroke diesel engine P B M C m K pme kNm B 1 f 28

Prime mover : 2 stroke diesel engine The most powerful and efficient diesel engine 75 MW, 70-80 rpm, sfoc=160 g/kWh

Hull R t pT m P R V N W E t s 1 1 2 2 R SV C SV 1 k C C C C C N resistenza rimorchio t t f w A app aa 2 2 V A V 1 w advance velocity P T V W T A P R V 1 t E t hull efficiency H P p T V 1 w T a 30

Propulsor def P T V J K T A T O O P Q 2 n 2 K O Q P p Q 2 n O relative rotative efficiency R P p M 2 n D D 31

Transmission P p M 2 n M D D D shaft efficiency S 2 P p M n M S S S P p M 2 n M S S S gear efficiency G 2 P p k M n k M i B e B e e B transmissi on efficiency (or mechanical efficiency ) m S G n e i gear ratio n 33

Propulsion plant 34

E.R. arrangement 35

Cruise ship E.R. arrangement 36

Front line military vessel E.R. arrangement 1 - TAG 3 - D/G 5 - CUSCINETTO 2 - RIDUTTORE tipo COGAG 4 - ALTERNATORE ASSE REGGISPINTA 37

Power density Single engine Propulsion plant (generation and auxiliaries included) [kW/kg] [kW/kg] Steam - 0,03-0,04 (conventional) 0,010-0,015 (nuclear) Diesel 1 st generation 0,11-0,15 0,04-0,06 (Medium speed) Diesel 0,2-0,3 0,07-0,9 (Medium speed) Gas turbine 1,1-1,3 0,13-0,15 full gas 0,09 — 0,11 CODOG 38

Ship energetic balance Fuel tank Q f P O Gear Prime mover P T P E P D P S P B P E propulsion p eng D m eng H O R S G eng Q f P M 2 n P B B e engine efficiency E OPC overall propulsion efficiency eng p P Q m LHV f f f B def P p Q 2 n P T V J K P R V 1 t O T A T relative rotative efficiency E t propeller efficiency hull efficiency R O O H P Q 2 n 2 K P p M 2 n 1 P p T V w D D O Q T a P p M 2 n M P p M 2 n M D D D S S S shaft efficiency gear efficiency S G P p M 2 n M P p k M 2 n k M i S S S B e B e e B 39

Electric generation

Auxiliary Boilers

Ship energetic balance Fuel tank m f P P P el el B DG P m LHV m LHV B Alter f f f f Prime mover nator P Ele P B Fuel tank aux m f Boiler m LHV f f Φ aux Auxiliary boiler 42

Ship efficiency P E ship efficiency during navigation ship k p e f ij i 1 j 1 P E ship m LHV m LHV m LHV f _ MP f _ DG f _ Boiler f _ MP f _ DG f _ Boiler

Specific energy sfc P kg kJ B ( ) E m LHV t LHV t s kJ Energy required whole ship systems f i i 1000 3600 s kg i i i i E kJ E s specific energy cargo distance ton km 44

Ship exhaust emissions kg sfc P kg kg f B CO 2 CO 2 Exhaustflo wrate m C C f i i 1000 3600 s kg s i i i i f Exhaust flow rate exhaust emission kg CO 2 E s cargo ships peed transport work ton m kg m s peed flowrate c arg o ton s s 45

Exercise

EXERCISE Fuel tank m f Fuel tank Alter Prime mover m f nator P Ele P B Fuel Φ aux tank Auxiliary m f boiler Alter Prime mover nator P Ele P B Fuel tank m f Fuel Alter tank Prime mover nator P Ele P B m f Fuel Φ aux tank Auxiliary m f boiler Alter Prime mover nator P Ele P B

Propulsion system and main auxiliary systems lubrica cooling fuel oil ting lubrica ting lubricating Support Thrust Bearings Bearing Sterntube s Gear Prime mover box Shaft Seal Starting Air Propulsor Exhaust Air feed Control gas 49