[PPT] - Ship classification, ship design and on board apparatus September PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

“Ship classification, ship design and on board apparatus”

Massimo Figari, University of Genoa

TrainMoS II Project – Module 2.1.1: “Maritime sustainability and MoS”

“September 16th, 2015”

SLIDE 2

HIGH LEVEL DRIVERS

Ship classification

– confidence – compliance

Ship design

– safety – efficiency – sustainability – security

On board apparatus

– reliability and/or availability in Ship operation

SLIDE 3

SHIP CLASSIFICATION

Ship Classification

confidence compliance

SLIDE 4

International Conventions

SOLAS
MARPOL
STCW
Load Lines

Codes

FSS Code
HSC Code
IBC Code
ICS Code
IGC Code
IMDG Code
ISM Code
ISPS Code

International Laws

SLIDE 5

EU and Italian laws

EU Directives
EMSA (European Maritime Safety Authority)

headquarter Lisbon

Italian Laws
Flag Autority (Autorità Marittima Italiana)

– Ministero dei Trasporti – Capitanerie di Porto – Guardia Costiera

Local and Port Rules

SLIDE 6

Flag State Control
Port State Control
IMO Conventions & Resolutions
ILO Conventions

Control Instruments

Diritto all’auto protezione
Italian Laws

SLIDE 7

Memorandum of Understanding

n Port State Control
Paris MOU
Black Sea MOU
Caribbean MOU
Tokyo MOU
Viña del Mar Agreement
Indian Ocean MOU
Mediterranean MOU
Persic Gulf MOU
African MOU

SLIDE 8

Rules & Classification Society

Purpose of the Rules

– The Rules published by the Society give the requirements for the assignment and the maintenance of class for seagoing ships. – Class assigned to a ship reflects the discretionary

pinion of the Society that the ship, for declared

conditions of use and within the relevant time frame, complies with the Rules applicable at the time the service is rendered.

SLIDE 9

Class & Rules

Classification Societies: http://www.iacs.org

– RINA – LR – ABS – DNV-GL – BV – NKK – CCS, CRS, IRCLASS, KR, RS

Private relationship between ship owner and

Classification Society

Frequently Classification Societies act on behalf
n National Autority (compiti di Stato)

SLIDE 10

SHIP DESIGN

Ship design

safety efficiency sustainability security

SLIDE 11

Ship : a definition

a vessel propelled by engines or sails for

navigating on the water (Collins Dictionary)

Taxonomy

– Naval or military vessel

Front line ships
Auxiliary and second line ships

– Merchant vessel

Cargo vessel
Passenger vessel

– Pleasure craft

SLIDE 12

Military vessels

12

SLIDE 13

RO/RO-PASSENGER

13

SLIDE 14

Supply vessel anchor handler

14

SLIDE 15

Bulk carrier

15

SLIDE 16

Tankers – Vessel Class, Capacity

(thousands of DWT)

16

SLIDE 17

17

Tanker fleet - Number of ships

Source: SSY (Simpson Spence & Young) – June 2014

500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Change in number of ships

SLIDE 18

18

IMO Classification of LNG Vessels Independent Tanks Integrated Tanks Type A

P < 700mbar Full Secondary Barrier

Type B

P < 700mbar Partially Secondary Barrier

Type C

P > 2000mbar No Secondary Barrier

Membrane Tanks

P < 700mbar Full Secondary Barrier Spherical (Moss) Prismatic Self Supporting Cylindrical Bilobe GTT No 96 GTT Mark III

SLIDE 19

LNG fleet - Number of ships

19

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1972 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

SLIDE 20

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Ship design

safety efficiency sustainability security

SLIDE 21

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency (public&private driver) and

sustainability (public driver) merge together when dealing with CO2

MARPOL ANNEX VI (see document)
EU Regulation 2015/757 - CO2 Monitoring,

Reporting, Verification (MRV)

SLIDE 22

22

Main propulsion system & ship service system design

Subjects

1. Propulsion systems
2. Auxiliary systems
3. Ship service systems

SLIDE 23

23

Low weight
Low volume and footprint area
Minimum life cycle cost (procurement,

construction, operation, maintenance, dismantling)

Reliability, Availability, Maintainability (RAM)

targets

Survivability requirements
Low manning requirements

Propulsion systems design drivers

SLIDE 24

24

DESIGN phases

1

Customer requirements (technical specifications) Identification of contraints (Rules, environmental, ethical issues)

2

Identification of available spaces on the base on the preliminary General Arrangement

3

Main systems Layout , weights and centre of gravity

4

Preliminary schemes (line diagrams)

5

Plants Functional schemes and components design

6

3D drawings and final layout

7

Circuit losses and final components design/verification

8

Fabrication drawings

9

Installation drawings

Propulsion systems design procedure

SLIDE 25

25

Gear

Prime mover PE PT PD PS PB Fuel tank Qf PO

p i k j ij B E p

e

P P OPC

1 1

V R P

t E

60 2 2

e B e B B B

N M n M M P

effective power brake power

verall propulsion efficiency OPC

Prime mover Transmis sion Propulsor

Overall Propulsion Efficiency

SLIDE 26

26

ADM B

K V P

3 3 2

Propulsion power estimation

3 3 2 3 1

V P K

B B 2 PL B

K V N P

SLIDE 27

27

PRIME MOVERS: 2 Stroke & 4 stroke DIESEL ENGINES

f f e B f B eng

LHV m n M P 2

kNm pme K m C P M

f B B 1

kW P s kg m h kW g P m sfc

B f B f

1000 3600

SLIDE 28

28

Prime mover : 4 stroke diesel engine

kNm pme K m C P M

f B B 1

SLIDE 29

Prime mover : 2 stroke diesel engine

The most powerful and efficient diesel engine 75 MW, 70-80 rpm, sfoc=160 g/kWh

SLIDE 30

30 pT Rt

W s m V R P

t E

N rimorchio resistenza N C C C C C k SV C SV R

aa app A w f t t

1 2 1 2 1

2 2

velocity advance 1 w V VA W V T P

A T

Hull

efficiency hull w t V T p V R P P

a t T E H

1 1

SLIDE 31

31

Propulsor

Q T O A O T def O

K K 2 J n 2 Q V T P P efficiency rotative relative n M p n Q p P P

D D O R

2 2

SLIDE 32

SLIDE 33

33

Transmission

efficiency shaft 2 2

S D S D S D S

M M n M p n M p P P efficiency gear i M k M n M k p n M p P P

B e S e B e S B S G

2 2 ) efficiency mechanical (or efficiency

n

transmissi

G S m

ratio gear n n i

e

SLIDE 34

34

Propulsion plant

SLIDE 35

35

E.R. arrangement

SLIDE 36

36

Cruise ship E.R. arrangement

SLIDE 37

37

1 - TAG 2 - RIDUTTORE tipo COGAG 3 - D/G 4 - ALTERNATORE ASSE 5 - CUSCINETTO REGGISPINTA

Front line military vessel E.R. arrangement

SLIDE 38

38

Single engine [kW/kg] Propulsion plant (generation and auxiliaries included) [kW/kg] Steam

0,03-0,04 (conventional)

0,010-0,015 (nuclear) Diesel 1st generation (Medium speed) 0,11-0,15 0,04-0,06 Diesel (Medium speed) 0,2-0,3 0,07-0,9 Gas turbine 1,1-1,3 0,13-0,15 full gas 0,09—0,11 CODOG

Power density

SLIDE 39

39

Gear

Prime mover PE PT PD PS PB Fuel tank Qf PO

Ship energetic balance

efficiency propulsion

verall

B E p

P P OPC

efficiency engine 2

f f e B f B eng

LHV m n M Q P

eng G S R O H eng m D eng p f E propulsion

Q P

efficiency hull 1 1 w t V T p V R P P

a t T E H

efficiency shaft 2 2

S D S D S D S

M M n M p n M p P P efficiency gear 2 2 i M k M n M k p n M p P P

B e S e B e S B S G

efficiency propeller 2 2

Q T O A O T def O

K K J n Q V T P P efficiency rotative relative 2 2 n M p n Q p P P

D D O R

SLIDE 40

Electric generation

SLIDE 41

Auxiliary Boilers

SLIDE 42

42

Alter nator

Prime mover PEle PB Fuel tank mf

f f B B el f f el DG

LHV m P P P LHV m P

Auxiliary boiler Fuel tank mf Φaux

f f aux Boiler

LHV m

Ship energetic balance

SLIDE 43

Ship efficiency

navigation during efficiency ship

1 1 p i k j ij f E ship

e

P

Boiler f Boiler f DG f DG f MP f MP f E ship

LHV m LHV m LHV m P

_ _ _ _ _ _

SLIDE 44

44 ) ( 3600 1000 systems ship whole required Energy kJ s kg kJ s kg t LHV P sfc t LHV m E

i i i B i i i f

energy specific distance cargo km ton kJ E Es

Specific energy

SLIDE 45

45 s kg kg kg s kg C P sfc C m wrate Exhaustflo

CO f CO f i i i B i i i f 2 2

3600 1000

Ship exhaust emissions

ton

c

s kg flowrate peed m ton kg E

CO s

arg s m s work transport emission exhaust peed ships cargo rate flow Exhaust

2

SLIDE 46

Exercise

SLIDE 47

EXERCISE

Alter nator

Prime mover PEle PB Fuel tank mf

Alter nator

Prime mover PEle PB Fuel tank mf

Alter nator

Prime mover PEle PB Fuel tank mf

Alter nator

Prime mover PEle PB Fuel tank mf

Auxiliary boiler Fuel tank mf Φaux Auxiliary boiler Fuel tank mf Φaux

SLIDE 48

SLIDE 49

49

Gear box Prime mover

cooling lubrica ting fuel oil Exhaust gas Air feed Control Sterntube Seal Support Bearings s Propulsor Shaft Thrust Bearing Starting Air lubrica ting lubricating

Propulsion system and main auxiliary systems

SLIDE 50

50

Fuel purifying systems Fuel storage and transfer systems Bunker station To users Fuel service system MP DDGG

Aux. Boilers

Fuel System

SLIDE 51

51

Central cooling – 2 Stroke diesel engine

SLIDE 52

SAFETY

Ship design

safety efficiency sustainability security

SLIDE 53

53

Bilge system

SLIDE 54

54

Fire safety objectives

prevent the occurrence of fire and

explosion;

reduce the risk to life caused by fire;
reduce the risk of damage caused by

fire to the ship, its cargo and the environment;

contain, control and suppress fire and

explosion in the compartment of origin;

provide adequate and readily accessible

means of escape for passengers and crew.

SLIDE 55

55

Fire protection

Fire fighting systems

– Sea water – Sprinkler/HiFog – Foam/drencher – CO2

Main vertical & horizontal zones
Class A (60,30,15,0), B (15,0),C

subdivisions

SLIDE 56

56

A Class subdivision

SLIDE 57

SUSTAINABILITY

Ship design

safety efficiency sustainability security

SLIDE 58

ENVIRONMENT:

“CLEAN FOSSIL FUEL”

TECHNOLOGY:

SAFE AND EFFICIENT AVAILABLE AND RELIABLE

RESERVES:

LARGE AND PROVEN

OPEX:

CHEAP FUEL?

BUNKERING INFRASTUCTURES AND STANDARDS:

LACKING (AD HOC SOLUTIONS)

CAPEX:

EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT

SAILING RANGE:

REDUCED

PARADIGMATIC SHIFT:

LNG IS NOT COLD DIESEL!

DRIVER IVERS DAMPE PERS RS

SLIDE 59

2000 FIRST LNG FUELLED SHIP 2010 21 LNG FUELLED SHIPS IN OPERATION 2015 57 LNG FUELLED SHIPS IN OPERATION

SLIDE 60

SLIDE 61

Truck uck to Ship Shore to Ship Ship to Ship

SLIDE 62

EMSA TEN-T 2013 FUNDING

abt. 1.000.

0.000 000 €

Hirtsha shals ls Port - Denm nmark ark LNG G Bunk nker erin ing Tank nk Projec ject

SLIDE 63

57 SHIPS IN OPERATION + 77 CONFIRMED NEWBUILDS = 134 CONFIRMED LNG PROJECTS BY 2018

300 SHIPS S GAP

Tier III III ECA ECA 0,5% % S GLOB OBAL AL Updated 16.01.2015 Source DNVGL 2012 2012 predict dictio ion 0,1% % S SECA

SLIDE 64

Dutch tch TTF TTF CRUDE OIL NATURA URAL GAS BUNKER R PRICE CES DEC 2014 - FEB 2015 BUNKER R PRICE CES 2013 2013

SLIDE 65

AN AVERAGE OF 5000 SHIPS TRADE IN THE EUROPEAN SECA ONLY * BY THE END OF 2015 – GLOBALLY SCRUBBERS INSTALLATIONS: 170 ** LNG FUELLED INSTALLATIONS: 90 **

* Source DMA - 2013 ** Source DNVGL - 2015

ESN survey - 2013 Pla lans ns of shipow

wners

ners: : how to to meet SECA A requi uire reme ment nts?

70%

MASSIVE SHIFT TO LSMGO…

SLIDE 66

LNG Bunkering in the Port of Stockholm

* Source: LNG in the Port of Stockholm Ola Joslin 2013

TOT = 11 PA PART RTIES ES

*

Vikin ing g Grace ce Project ect

SLIDE 67

2012 LNG HYBRID TUG 2014 DIESEL FREE RO-PAX 2015 RISK ANALYSIS

CONCEPT DESIG IGN CONCEPT DESIG IGN

DIT ITEN

RISK ANALYS YSIS S OF A AN LNG SHIP BUILDI DING PROCESS SS

SLIDE 68

DIESEL FREE

RO-PAX

SYSTEM

YARD

SAN VITALE RAVENNA

LOCATION

1st BUNKERING
COMMISSIONING
SEA TRIALS

ACTIVITIES

IGF F CODE DRAF AFT “ 4.2.2 The risks shall be analyzed using acceptable and recognized risk analysis techniques…”

SLIDE 69

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

HAZARDS

(TOP EVENTS)

CAUSES

(BASIC EVENTS)

CONSEQUENCES

/ IMPACTS

SAFEGUARDS

FAULT TREE ANALYSIS

FAULT TREE

STRUCTURE

BASIC EVENTS

PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA VERIFICATION

SOCIETAL RISKS
INDIVIDUAL

RISKS

CONSEQUENCES

TOP EVENT PROBAB ABILI ILITY TY OF OCCURRE RENC NCE! E!

QUANTITA ANTITATI TIVE APPRO ROACH ACH CRITI ITICA CAL CHOICE ICES: S:

BASI

ASIC C EVENTS S PROBA BABI BILIT ITY Y DATABA TABASE

ACCEPT

PTANCE CRITE TERI RIA H A Z I D F T A

SLIDE 70

1st BUNKERING ERING COMMI MISSI SSIONI ONING NG SEA TRIALS LS

SLIDE 71

1st BUNKERING ERING COMMI MISSI SSIONI ONING NG SEA A TRIALS ALS

SLIDE 72

72

LNG World Fleet

SLIDE 73

LNG STATE OF THE ART

LNG FLEET WHY TO CHOOSE LNG AS FUEL

 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS  AVAILABILITY OF FOSSIL FUELS, COST AND ENERGY SECURITY JANUARY 1st 2015 SULPHUR LIMIT INSIDE SECA 0,1%

4

SLIDE 74

GAS SYSTEM

LNG FUELLED TUG

15 0.9 0.6 0.3 MPa t

W - G

MM / EE

BUNKERAGGIO

1. RAFFREDDAMENTO “SPRAY LINE”
2. RIEMPIMENTO “BOTTOM

LINE”

3. INERTIZZAZIONE LINEE

SLIDE 75

GAS SYSTEM

LNG FUELLED TUG

16 MPa MM / EE

PRESSURE BUILD UP

0.9 0.6 0.3 t

W - G

RAGGIUNGIMENTO PRESSIONE DI LAVORO 35 kW → 350 min 75 kW → 160 min

H [kJ/kg] P [MPa]

SLIDE 76

GAS SYSTEM

LNG FUELLED TUG

17

ALIMENTAZIONE W - G

FLUSSO DI CALORE AGLI SCAMBIATORI Vaporizzatore Riscaldatore PBU 26.6 kW 92.7 kW 21.2 kW 74.2 kW 9.6 kW 31.1 kW Tot → 57.4 kW 200 kW GV U

SLIDE 77

LNG FUELLED TUG

18

GAS SYSTEM

RAGGIUNGIMENTO MARVS (SFOGO GAS) 95% liquid → 81 gg 85% liquid → 14 gg 50% liquid → 17 gg 5% liquid → 5 gg

p = 0.3 MPa T = 128 K p = 0.85 MPa T = 148 K p = 0.65 MPa T = 140 K p = 0.85 MPa T = 148 K p = 0.65 MPa T = 140 K p = 0.85 MPa T = 148 K p = 0.65 MPa T = 140 K p = 0.85 MPa T = 148 K

SLIDE 78

DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

6

TANKS LOCATIONS

 OPEN DECK  BELOW DECK

TANKS DESIGN

 TYPE C TANK  MEMBRANE TANK

 CASE 1  CASE 2  CASE 3

SLIDE 79

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

7

 EXTERNAL FACTORS OR INFLUENCES (COLLISION, GROUNDING, FIRE...)  INTERNAL FACTORS OR INFLUENCES (FIRE/EXPLOSION…)  LNG LEAKAGE CAUSED BY LOSS OF STRUCTURAL CONTAINMENT SYSTEM INTEGRITY, PIPING SYSTEM FAILURE OR SUPPORT FAILURE  THERMAL HAZARDS (OVERHEATING…)  HAZARDS GENERATED BY MALFUNCTIONS  ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS (GREEN WATER…)  HAZARDS DUE TO HUMAN ERRORS

THE HAZID AIM IS SCREENING HAZARDS AND ASSOCIATED EVENTS THAT HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCE

CONSIDERED HAZARDS

SLIDE 80

LNG FUELLED TUG

LNG FUEL TANK SKID

SLIDE 81

LNG FUELLED TUG

BUNKERING TERMINAL (Halhjem)

2 x 500 cbm Bergensfjor d

SLIDE 82

LNG FUELLED TUG

SMALLEST LNG CARRIER

2 x 550 cbm LNG tanks Pioneer Knutsen

SLIDE 83

Main achievements

Small scale LNG bunkering is :

– feaseable with minor port infrastructures – inerhent hazards manageable – development of harmonised port procedures in progress www.lngbunkering.org

SLIDE 84

LNG port terminal in Stockholm

LNG quay is a normal quay Safety precautions very simple: no mobile phone, no radio, no hot spot

SLIDE 85

LNG bunker vessel ‘SEAGAS’

The bunker vessel is a small LNG tanker used to refuel the ships

SLIDE 86

LNG bunker vessel refuelling by Truck

Hazardous area only 30 meters around LNG pipe

SLIDE 87

Main achievements

LNG ships are:

– energy efficient – PM, SOx emission free, NOx very low – no restrictions on ship operation (contemporary bunkering and loading/unloading operations)

SLIDE 88

LNG vessel Viking Grace

LNG tanks located aft, above deck

SLIDE 89

no visible smoke

significant emission reduction also during maneuvering operations

SLIDE 90

Viking Grace GAS engine

Intrinsecally safe gas engine allows a ‘normal’ engine room, i.e. room without any specific safety precautions engine and engine room very clean

SLIDE 91

Viking Grace energy control center

The power management has no specific issues related to LNG fuel

SLIDE 92

passenger – cargo operations and refuelling

contemporary bunkering and cargo loading/unloading operations

SLIDE 93

LNG bunkering

Normal bunkering operation : bunker vessel and main vessel LNG hose with Safe Break Away Coupling (SBC) and Dry Disconnect Coupling (DDC)

SLIDE 94

Domestic Emissions of the Shipping Industry
Exemption from NOx tax of 2,25 €/kg
0,5 €/kg collected into the fund
Income almost completely available for support of

NOx reducing measures (about 80 million €/year)

Support to cover up to 80% of the investment cost

Normand Arctic Sailing from 2012 5.300.00 000 0 € FUNDING = 80% investment cost Boknafjo fjord rd Sailing from 2011 3.700.00 000 0 € FUNDING = 80% investment cost NOx NOx Agreem emen ent

SLIDE 95

EMSA TEN-T 2011 FUNDING 20% 20% CONVERSION COST FINNISH STATE INCENTIVE PROGRAM FOR GREENER SHIPS

Fjali alir Project ect

FJALIR SEAGAS

Vikin ing g Grace ce Project ect

SLIDE 96

EMSA TEN-T 2010 FUNDING 9.569 69.50 500 €

+

11.00 000. 0.000 000 €

LNG G Project ect: Infrastruct frastructure ure Report

rt

Full ll Scale ale Pilot Project ect

(Stava tavangers ngersfj fjord

rd &

& Bergens gensfj fjord

rd)