Sharing session 2: Urban Agriculture / Farming Khairul, Kamarudin - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sharing session 2: Urban Agriculture / Farming

Khairul, Kamarudin

https://cityfarm.my/

Urban Agriculture (UA) is not a new phenomenon. Urban populations have engaged in producing some of their food close to their own residence within or

• utside the city.

Food production in urban settlements of ancient civilization has always been part and parcel of the urban economy. UA can be defined in a number of ways: UA as a socio-economic activity that involves crop growing and livestock keeping in intra-urban open spaces and peri-urban areas (Sawio, 1998) UA is defined as the practice of agricultural activities within urban and peri-urban periphery (Islam & Siwar, 2012). This presentation may focus on small scale farming in the urban environments as practiced by the historically disadvantaged groups.

Why UA is needed?

https://cityfarm.my/

Why UA is needed?

https://cityfarm.my/

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Urban Population in 2015 (%)

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS

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Introduction

(original presentation slide by Prof Asan Ali, 2017)

12 16 27 34 51 62 71 77 81 85 88 88 84 73 66 49 38 29 23 19 15 12

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

* * * * * * * * * * * *

Estimation

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Malaysia – Urban vs Rural Population (%)

1990 50-50

Department of Statistics Malaysia. Cencus data 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010 (original presentation slide by Prof Asan Ali, 2017) Next

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Rural Urban Urban Rural

42.7 33 28.4 19.1 17.7 25.2 30.5 40.7 36.2 40.1 42.3 45.4

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1970 1980 1990 2000

Contribution Agri sector to GDP and Labour Force (%) Contribution to GDP according to Sectors (%) Primary sector/industry - natural products; agriculture, mining and forestry, gas etc. Secondary sector/industry - processing; manufacturing & construction Tertiary sector/industry - services; retail sales, entertainment, financial

• rganizations etc.

1975 1988

23.3 12.8 9.1 53.2 26.0 12.2 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

%KDNK / GDP % Labour force

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(original presentation slide by Prof Asan Ali, 2017)

This “nature of UA” is largely the result of the sector being officially marginalized in urban land allocations and planning processes (Van Rooyen et al., 1995). In some cases, UA grew with informal settlements and being incorporated (informally) as an urban land use activity (Q: how about in development plan/land use plan/government reserve?). UA activity was mainly informal, however, practitioners did apply modern technologies if they need resources e.g. water collection/rain water harvesting, biochar & composting, storage, drainage and slope terracing.

Following the phenomenal increase in the cost

• f

living in the city, wider spread of poverty and unemployment, encouraged the B40 households that

• ften

involved in informal sector to venture into food production (small scale UA) as an alternative to money. In some cases, UA were able to sustain food production due to several factors including involvement of family labour, minimum capital and utilization

• f

simple and appropriate technologies to increase productivity. During the 90s, UA practitioners were estimated to be about 800 million (Sawio, 1998).

UA is important in the urban informal sector in most developing countries (Islam & Siwar, 2012). UA is spatially mobile and its scale of operation changes based on the needs and readiness/changes of environment, technical, socio- cultural and economic factors.

Lack of data to describe the type of crops planted in UA. Wade (1981) simply stated that production of crops should be based on the sustained contribution to consumption levels, the value of the crop consumed, length of harvest and the sale of the crop. Mougeot (1994) mentioned crop choice by farmers is based on local water supply, soil condition, distance from home, plot size, use of the product and the gardener‘s control over future use of the plot.

Issues/Prospect of UA

Access to Land (illegal/TOL/legal):

The ability to access land is an important factor in determining who farms in urban

• environments. Often those who have been in

the area for longer periods are more likely to be involved in farming because they are most likely to access land as they know procedures (formal and informal) and have networks. However there are also indications that new migrants from rural areas are the ones most likely to practice farming as the legacy of their rural life. In practice UA proves to be a complex action integrated into the urban fabric.

Community garden in Putrajaya Community garden in Putrajaya

According to Islam & Siwar (2012), areas effectively under UA is much greater than conventional land use classifications and maps may capture. Reported areas often exclude forms of UA in residential spaces. Land used for UA is also found adjacent to road and railway lines, rivers and valleys, along power lines and other open spaces within urban boundaries (illegal/TOL?).

Spatial Dimension

Spatial Dimension

The sizes

• f

the plots differ according to the availability of space and the ability of the individual to work the area. Land used for UA is not always within the residential site. Plots are in some cases considerable distances away from residential sites. UA practices are spatially spread within urban

• boundaries. The dispersed pattern

results from the mobility of the sector as it constantly shifts from

• ne place to the other giving way to

urban developments.

Planning Policies And Strategies

A planned urban environment generally considers farming as a non-urban land use

• activity. Van Rooyen et al. (1995) based his

argument on Gauteng Provincial Government Policy Document (South Africa). Gauteng Small farmer Settlement Programme Policy Document specify that existing land allocation and tenure policies in relation to government owned agricultural land are viewed inappropriate for agricultural development in Gauteng. Urban authorities view UA as remnants of rural life interfering with modernization. This attitude denies UA the necessary support and attention. Public sector support to UA was directed to serve large-scale commercial farmers adjacent to urban concentration ignoring small scale and informal operations.

Strategic Considerations for Successful UA

(Islam & Siwar, 2012):

i) Integrated approaches:

based on the literature review, it can be argued that UA should not be excluded during urban development

• planning. To optimize the contribution and functioning
• f this sector, the link between the activity and the

rest of the urban economy must be understood and

• strengthened. UA should be systematically integrated

into the urban system.

Strategic Considerations for Successful UA

(Islam & Siwar, 2012):

ii) Policy development:

The potential role of UA in poverty alleviation and urban economic growth will depend

• n

the strengthening of the asset base of the urban poor as well as on policies relating to UA promotion. Policies are critical for the creation of enabling environment for UA development.

Strategic Considerations for Successful UA

(Islam & Siwar, 2012):

iii) Planned interventions:

Specific agricultural policies supported by the zoning

• f

high potential farming areas and the provision of access to a range of economic and technical support services are required for UA development. The public and private sector partnership should be engaged to provide support services.

iv) Flexibility and innovation:

The promotion and development of UA requires flexible and innovative strategies. Innovative and valuable solutions to urban problems are often found in grassroots experiments

• r small-scale local government pilot projects. To achieve

maximum impact, successful innovations should be up scaled and replicated.

Strategic Considerations for Successful UA

(Islam & Siwar, 2012):

v) Diversity:

Different farmer types should be supported with services relevant to their respective needs. Government efforts should pay particular attention to the problems experienced by the emerging commercial and small holder household food producers.

vi) Participative planning: Interactive

and participative approaches based at community level should be applied to create ownership at community

• level. This should be supported by co-ordination of

services by different stakeholders. A synergistic approach with balanced participation between target group and authorities in policy and decision-making is required.

Recommendations:

• Recognize agriculture as a land use activity in urban environments
• Provide sufficient support services to the urban small scale agricultural sector
• Encourage or introduce the teaching of agriculture as a subject in urban schools
• Encourage investment on infrastructure and technology development required for

UA development

• Co-ordinate agricultural activities within urban and between urban and rural areas
• Involve beneficiaries in the planning and implementation of projects
• Assistance should not only focus of groups but should also consider individuals
• Establish permanent structures and institutions that will promote urban

agriculture activities

The Analysis of Urban Agriculture Development in Malaysia (2012 - Rabiul Islam and Chamhuri Siwar) Urban Agriculture: The Role of Knowledge among Farmer in Malaysia (2017 - Milah Zainal and Siti Raba’ah Hamzah)