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❡❈❙❊✵✺✲✵✺✿ ❖♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❡①❛s❝❛❧❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲s❝❛❧❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❯❑ s♦❧✐❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐❝s ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❆✳ ❙❤t❡r❡♥❧✐❦❤t ✶ ✱ ▲✳ ▼❛r❣❡tts ✷ ✱ ▲✳ ❈❡❜❛♠❛♥♦s ✸ ✶ ▼❡❝❤ ❊♥❣ ❉❡♣t✱ ❚❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❇r✐st♦❧✱ ❇r✐st♦❧ ❇❙✽ ✶❚❘✱ ❯❑✱ ♠❡①❛s❅❜r✐s✳❛❝✳✉❦ ✷ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ♦❢ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐❝❛❧✱ ❆❡r♦ ❛♥❞ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ❚❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼❛♥❝❤❡st❡r✱ ▼❛♥❝❤❡st❡r ▼✶✸ ✾P▲✱ ❯❑✱ ▲❡❡✳▼❛r❣❡tts❅♠❛♥❝❤❡st❡r✳❛❝✳✉❦ ✸ ❊❞✐♥❜✉r❣❤ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❡♥tr❡ ✭❊P❈❈✮✱ ❚❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❊❞✐♥❜✉r❣❤✱ ❑✐♥❣✬s ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣s✱ ❊❞✐♥❜✉r❣❤ ❊❍✾ ✸❋❉✱ ❯❑✱ ❧✳❝❡❜❛♠❛♥♦s❅❡♣❝❝✳❡❞✳❛❝✳✉❦ ✷✾✲▼❆❘✲✷✵✶✼ ✶✴✺✶

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ❲❤② ♠✉❧t✐✲s❝❛❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❢r❛❝t✉r❡❄ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ❋♦rtr❛♥ ❝♦❛rr❛②s P❛r❛❋❊▼ ✲ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❋❊❆ ❈❆❋❊✿ ▼P■ t♦ ❝♦❛rr❛②s ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❈r❛②P❆❚ ♣r♦☞❧✐♥❣✱ tr❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❚❆❯ ♣r♦☞❧✐♥❣ ❯♥r❡s♦❧✈❡❞ ✐ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇♦r❦ ✷✴✺✶

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ❲❤② ♠✉❧t✐✲s❝❛❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❢r❛❝t✉r❡❄ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ❋♦rtr❛♥ ❝♦❛rr❛②s P❛r❛❋❊▼ ✲ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❋❊❆ ❈❆❋❊✿ ▼P■ t♦ ❝♦❛rr❛②s ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❈r❛②P❆❚ ♣r♦☞❧✐♥❣✱ tr❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❚❆❯ ♣r♦☞❧✐♥❣ ❯♥r❡s♦❧✈❡❞ ✐ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇♦r❦ ✸✴✺✶

❋r❛❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ♣♦❧②❝r②st❛❧ ❝❧❡❛✈❛❣❡ r❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡❞ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ❈❋❘P ♠❡t❛❧ ♠❛tr✐① ❜♦♥❡ ❣r❛♣❤✐t❡ ■ ❆❧❧ r❡❛❧ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ❛r❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ■ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢r❛❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ❛t ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❧❡♥❣t❤ s❝❛❧❡s ✦ ♥❡❡❞ ♠✉❧t✐✲s❝❛❧❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✹✴✺✶

❋r❛❝t✉r❡✿ ❈❆ ✰ ❋❊ ❂ ❈❆❋❊ ♠✉❧t✐✲s❝❛❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❈●P❆❈❑ ■ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❣r✐❞s ✲ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ✭❈❆✮✱ ✉♥str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❣r✐❞s ✲ ☞♥✐t❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✭❋❊✮ ■ ❈❆ ✭♠✐❝r♦str✉❝t✉r❡✮ ✰ ❋❊ ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉✉♠ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐❝s✮ ❂ ❈❆❋❊ ■ ❚r❛♥s❣r❛♥✉❧❛r ❝❧❡❛✈❛❣❡ ✲ ❢r❛❝t✉r❡ str❡ss ♦r str❛✐♥ ❝r✐t❡r✐❛ ■ ❋❊ ✦ ❈❆ ✭❧♦❝❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥✮ ✲ str❡ss✱ str❛✐♥ ☞❡❧❞s ■ ❈❆ ✦ ❋❊ ✭❤♦♠♦❣❡♥✐s❛t✐♦♥✮ ✲ ❞❛♠❛❣❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✺✴✺✶

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ❲❤② ♠✉❧t✐✲s❝❛❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❢r❛❝t✉r❡❄ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ❋♦rtr❛♥ ❝♦❛rr❛②s P❛r❛❋❊▼ ✲ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❋❊❆ ❈❆❋❊✿ ▼P■ t♦ ❝♦❛rr❛②s ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❈r❛②P❆❚ ♣r♦☞❧✐♥❣✱ tr❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❚❆❯ ♣r♦☞❧✐♥❣ ❯♥r❡s♦❧✈❡❞ ✐ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇♦r❦ ✻✴✺✶

❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ✭❈❆✮ ❜❛s✐❝s ■ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ s♣❛❝❡✱ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ t✐♠❡✱ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ st❛t❡s ✲ ❢✉❧❧② ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❣r✐❞s ■ ☞♥✐t❡ ♦r ✐♥☞♥✐t❡ s♣❛❝❡ ■ ☞♥✐t❡ s♣❛❝❡✿ ☞①❡❞ ♦r s❡❧❢✲s✐♠✐❧❛r ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ■ ❝❡❧❧ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r❤♦♦❞✱ ❡✳❣✳ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥✬s✿ ✱ ♦r ▼♦♦r❡✬s✿ ■ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ■ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❡❧❧s ❛t ♥❡①t ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝❡❧❧s ❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t❡s ♦❢ ✐ts ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r❤♦♦❞ ❝❡❧❧s ❛t t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ✼✴✺✶

Pr✐♠✐t✐✈❡ ✸❉ s♦❧✐❞✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ✲ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ❈❆ ■ ❙t❛t❡s✿ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❂ ✵ ✱ ❝r②st❛❧s ❃ ✵ ✳ ■ ❈❡❧❧ st❛t❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡❧② ❡♥❝♦❞❡s ❝r②st❛❧ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ t❡♥s♦r✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛ ❧♦♦❦✲✉♣ t❛❜❧❡✳ ■ ❊❛❝❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❝❡❧❧ ❛❝q✉✐r❡s ❛ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❛ r❛♥❞♦♠❧② ❝❤♦s❡♥ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r ✭✸❉ ▼♦♦r❡✬s ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r❤♦♦❞ ✲ ✷✻ ❝❡❧❧s✮✳ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 24 24 0 0 0 0 24 1 1 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 24 1 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 24 1 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 24 24 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 24 24 24 24 0 0 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 0 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 24 0 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 24 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 ✐ ✐ ✰ ✶ ✽✴✺✶

Pr✐♠✐t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ✸❉ s♦❧✐❞✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ✲ r❡s✉❧ts ❋♦r ♠♦r❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❈●P❆❈❑ ✾✴✺✶

❈❆ ✇✐t❤ ☞❡❧❞s ■ ❯s❡❞ ❢♦r s♦❧✐❞✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ❬✶❪✱ r❡❝r②st❛❧❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❬✷❪ ❛♥❞ ❢r❛❝t✉r❡ ❬✸✱ ✹❪✳ ■ ❋❊ ✲ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✉♠ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐❝s ✲ str❡ss✱ str❛✐♥✱ ❡t❝✳ ■ ❈❆ ✲ ❝r②st❛❧s✱ ❝r②st❛❧ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s✱ ❝❧❡❛✈❛❣❡✱ ❣r❛✐♥ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❢r❛❝t✉r❡ ■ ❋❊ ✦ ❈❆ ✲ str❡ss✱ str❛✐♥ ■ ❈❆ ✦ ❋❊ ✲ ❞❛♠❛❣❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✶✵✴✺✶

❖t❤❡r ❈❆ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦ ❋✐r❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦ ▲❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ❙❛♥❞ ♣✐❧❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❢♦ ❉✐☛✉s✐♦♥ ❊♣✐❞❡♠✐❝s✱ ❢r♦♠ ❚❤❡ ❖♣❡♥ ▼❡❞✳ ■♥❢♦r♠✳ ❏✳ ✷✭✶✮✿✼✵✲✽✶✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ P❉❋ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦ ■s✐♥❣ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✶✶✴✺✶

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ❲❤② ♠✉❧t✐✲s❝❛❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❢r❛❝t✉r❡❄ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ❋♦rtr❛♥ ❝♦❛rr❛②s P❛r❛❋❊▼ ✲ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❋❊❆ ❈❆❋❊✿ ▼P■ t♦ ❝♦❛rr❛②s ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❈r❛②P❆❚ ♣r♦☞❧✐♥❣✱ tr❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❚❆❯ ♣r♦☞❧✐♥❣ ❯♥r❡s♦❧✈❡❞ ✐ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇♦r❦ ✶✷✴✺✶

❋♦rtr❛♥ ❝♦❛rr❛②s ❢♦r ❈❆ ■ ❋♦rtr❛♥ ♥❛t✐✈❡ ❙P▼❉ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ■ ❋♦rtr❛♥ st❛♥❞❛r❞ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✽✳ ▼♦r❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✐♥ ✷✵✶✺✳ ■ ❈r❛②✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ❖♣❡♥❈♦❛rr❛②s✴●❈❈ s✉♣♣♦rt ■ ❈●P❆❈❑ ✲ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ♠✐❝r♦str✉❝t✉r❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝❣♣❛❝❦✳s❢✳♥❡t ✳ ❙❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❬✺✱ ✻✱ ✼❪✳ ❧✐❜r❛r②✿ ■ ❊❛s② ❤❛❧♦ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ■ ❈❆ s♣❛❝❡ ❝♦❛rr❛② ✲ ✹❉ ❛rr❛②✱ ✸ ❝♦❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s✿ ✐♥ t❡❣ ❡r ✱ ❛ ❧ ❧ ♦ ❝ ❛ t ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ✿ ✿ s♣❛❝❡ ✭ ✿ ✱ ✿ ✱ ✿ ✱ ✿ ✮ ❬ ✿ ✱ ✿ ✱ ✿ ❪ ■ ■❞❡❛❧ ❢♦r str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❣r✐❞s✿ ✥ ✶✽ ✐♠❣s❀ ✻✹ ✐♠❣s ✦ ✶✸✴✺✶