Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long-term Monitoring Role of Passive Sampling and Porewater Remedial Guidelines (PWRGs) in Long-term Monitoring (Part 1) ROBERT M BURGESS U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ORD/NHEERL, NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND 02882 USA Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 0 1
Outline • What passive sampling tells us • Why do we care about the freely dissolved concentration (C free ) • Preparing, deploying, recovering, and storing passive samplers • Applications in long-term monitoring • Focus on nonionic organic contaminants (no metals) PAHs Furans DDTs Dioxins PCBs PBDEs Pyrethroids Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 1 2
What Passive Sampling Tells Us √ (1) Freely dissolved concentrations (C free ) of contaminants of concern (COC) in water around passive sampler • Surrogate for bioavailable concentrations of COC – Pore water (Interstitial Water) – Water column • Compare to Water Quality Criteria (WQC), other water quality standards, sediment guidelines or water-only toxicity data for exceedances √ (2) Concentration of COCs in passive sampler • Good correlation with bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms • Serve as surrogates for biomonitoring organisms – Benthic and water column organisms – Fish consumed by humans Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 2 3
Why Do We Care about the Freely Dissolved Concentration (C free )? √ • For benthic organisms: What media is an effective surrogate for exposure to bioavailable chemicals? • Sediment? = • Food? • Pore Water = Freely dissolved concentration (C free )? Chironomus tentans √ • Adams et al. (1985) first addressed this question • Two Kepone-amended sediments (same levels) • 1.5% and 12.3% sediment organic carbon • Freshwater midge ( Chironomus tentans ) • Exposure-response relationships • Survival versus exposure Kepone Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 3 4
Why Do We Care about the Freely Dissolved Concentration (C free )? What media is an effective 100 surrogate for exposure to bioavailable chemicals? Midge Survival (%) Freely Dissolved Pore Water Sediment 75 Concentration 1.5% Organic Food carbon/Kg 12.3 % Organic sediment (dry) carbon/Kg 50 sediment (dry) 1.5% Organic carbon/Kg sediment (dry) 12.3 % Organic carbon/Kg 25 sediment (dry) 0 20 40 60 80 Freely Dissolved Concentration (C free ) Pore Water Concentration Sediment Concen a on tr ti (mg Kepone/Kg sediment (dry)) (µg Kepone/L Pore water) (µg Kepone/L Po re wa ter) Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 4 5
Preparing, Deploying, Recovering, and Storing Passive Samplers (3) Storage (2) Deployment and (-4 ˚C wrapped Recovery (~ 30 days) in foil) Passive Sampler (1) Solvent Cleaning (PE or POM) (~24 hours) (4) Solvent Extraction (48 hours) (6) GC/MS Quantification and (5) Volume reduction (~ 1 hour) Data Analysis/Interpretation Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 5 6
Preparing, Deploying, Recovering, and Storing Passive Samplers Water Column Deployment Copper tubing housing Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 6 7
Preparing, Deploying, Recovering, and Storing Passive Samplers Pore Water Copper tubing housing Deployment Aluminum or stainless steel frame Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 7 8
Superfund Sites where Passive Sampling has been used (Updated October 2019) (Lambert et al. 2019): Manistique River (Region 5) Allegany Ballistics Laboratory (Region 3) McCormick and Baxter (Region 10) Aniston PCB (Region 4) Metal Bank (Region 3) Berry’s Creek (Region 2) MW Manufacturing (Region 3) Brodhead Creek (Region 3) Naval Station Newport (Region 1) Columbia Slough (Region 10) New Bedford Harbor (Region 1) Donna Reservoir (Region 6) Ordot Landfill (Region 9) Dover Gas Light (Region 3) Pacific Sound Resources (Region 10) Diamond Alkali (Region 2) Palos Verdes Shelf (Region 9) GLLA River Basin AOC (Region 5) Portland Harbor (Region 10) Grand Calumet (GLNPO-Region 5) San Jacinto Waste Pits (Region 6) Grasse River (Region 2) Tennessee Products (Region 4) Kerr-McGee/Tronox (Region 4) United Heckathorn (Region 9) Lake Hartwell (Region 4) Whitmoyer Laboratories (Region 3) Lower Duwamish Waterway (Region 10) Wyckoff (Region 10) Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 8 9
Most Commonly used Passive Samplers: Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 9 10
Use of Passive Sampling at Superfund Sites (n = 22) (Lambert et al. 2019) 12 10 # of sites 8 6 4 2 0 s t s n n t s o n e e i m e t n a m e l s u v e s m i e r t u c s u s e s c f a A c f e E a e M o y t i i d B S x e u / y m l F t i e c i R x o T Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 10 11
Applications in Long-term Monitoring Fall 2014 ● • Use of passive sampling as a surrogate for deploying organisms in long- term biomonitoring (ng/g lipid or polymer) ● New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site ● ● ● ● (New Bedford, MA, USA) • Advantages ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● • Year-round deployments Total PCBs ● ● ● Sediments contaminated with elevated ● • Deployable under toxic and low dissolved oxygen conditions ● ● concentrations of PCBs Cost-effective • ● ● ● ● ● ● Water column biomonitoring with blue ● • Disadvantage ● ● mussels since early 1990s at three stations Evaluate Potential loss of environmental relevance • Relationship & ● In 2014, started assessing use of passive Provide Guidance sampling to RPMs - Parallel deployments for three years 1990 2000 2020 2010 1995 2005 2015 Year Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 11 12
Applications in Long-term Monitoring • Use of passive sampling to measure contaminant fluxes and capping- effectiveness in long-term monitoring 20 Water Column Water Column 15 10 Cap effectiveness Cap Magnitude of transfer 5 Depth to water column (cm) -5 -10 -15 Sediment & Pore water Sediment & Pore water -20 Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 12 13
Applications in Long-term Monitoring Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop: Session 4: Long term Monitoring, 20 November 2019 - 24 th Annual NARPM Training Program 13 14
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