Tourism - big and growing Fact s (WTO 2005) 5% world GDP 6% world - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Tourism - big and growing ‘Fact s’ (WTO 2005)

• 5% world GDP
• 6% world export s (and 30% of service

export s)

• 200m employed
• Most t ourist s f rom - and t o - developed

nat ions 2/3 of visitor arrivals plus 90% world travel market

• Fast est growt h in developing/ t ransit ion

st at es Angola 41%; El Salvador 17%, Cambodia 19%, Armenia

41% p.a average 1995-2005

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Sour ce: I UCN/ Eagles et al 2002

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I nt ernat ional t ourist arrivals 1950-2004 (2020)

Sour ce: WTO 2005

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Sour ce: WTO 2005

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Sour ce: WTO 2005

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‘New’ t ourism

Tourist / market

• Poor in t ime – r ich in cash
• Experienced, discriminat ing,

demanding, crit ical

• I ncreasing media exposure

world-wide

• Added value/ mult i-int erest /

f lexibilit y

• ‘Second holidays’/ out side

t radit ional season

• ‘Unspoilt nat ure’/ cult ural

landscapes/ cont act wit h local populat ion

• Segment ed market s -

young/ old; f amily/ single &c

Host / dest inat ion market ing

• compet it ive advant age
• qualit y environment , provision and

service

• good (niche) market ing/ direct

(web) communicat ion

• Socioeconomic groups >

Separat e > int egrat ed act ivit ies

• Single>

mult iple act ivit ies; Seasonal> all weat her t ourism

• Fully packaged t ours >

menu of

• pt imal experience
• Mass market ing >

t arget ed direct communicat ion, dat abase, web &c

• Plus, meet ings, incent ives,

conf erences, exhibit ions

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Slovenia Tourism Report 2005

(Exercise) I dent if y 5 (or more)

• St rengt hs/

weaknesses (or)

• Opport unit ies/

t hreat s in respect of (sust ainable) t ourism in Slovenia

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Slovenia – f eat ures. :

Slovenia is:

• Small (20.273 km2)
• Few (1.98m = 98/ km2)
• Diverse nat ural envt
• Saf e social envt
• ‘Advanced’ (GDP 72% EU

average), high living st andards, healt h, welf are, educat ion

• Well geared f or

t ourism

Golobiè, Moj ca et al. 2002..

Slovene t ourism:

• bb
• 20.4% of tourists

spent their holidays

• nly

in Slovenia, 60.5%

• nly

went abroad and 19.1% travelled both in Slovenia and abroad.

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Slovenia Tourism ‘strengths

• accessible - position in

Europe and membership

• f EU
• accessible heritage

(access traditions, plus 7, 000 marked f ootpaths)

• great environmental

diversity (mountain, f orest,

rivers, lakes, coast)

• multiple tourist activity

potential (walking, cycling,

riding, canoeing, raf ting, mountaineering, paragliding, golf )

• comparative distinction,

competitive advantage developing:

• motorway construction,

new planes f or Adria, new regular & charter airlines

• investment in hotels and

recreational f acilities

• regulations on

accommodation standards

• local tourist
• rganisations

source: Van den Broek, 1997, World Tourism Organisat ion, 1998 and ot hers

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Slovenia Tourism ‘weaknesses’

• tourism f ocused on Adriatic

littoral (<50km; decline since ' 92 in

f avour of Croatia; signif icant declines in Portoroz & Piran)

• and on ' traditional' Alpine

areas (but declines in Triglav, Bled and

Bohinj)

• poor f acilities elsewhere (rural

depopulation, little accommodation)

• ‘change’ motorways, local roads

constantly in construction, huge transit traf f ic

• ‘transition’ privatisation, restitution,

asset- stripping, uncertainty?

• reaction against tourism

' management'

• a transit country (f or f lows to the

Adriatic coast of Croatia or the European Alps)

• tourism product unclearly

def ined or recognised

• unclear image in international

marketplace

• traditional training f or

hospitality trade, lack of tourism entrepreneurship

• f unding dif f iculties f or

marketing and Slovenian Tourist Board

• association with Balkan

instability, vulnerable to f ashion changes

• newly unleashed entrepreneurial

sector little inclined to take long term view of sustainability

source: Van den Broek, 1997, World Tourism Organisat ion, 1998 our 2004 course & ot hers

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Slovenia Tourist motivations

30%

• Nat ure/ alpine count ryside/ t ranquillit y
• People/ hospit alit y
• Unspoilt / unt ourist ic
• Hist ory/ t radit ions
• Cheap
• Food & wine

6%

source: Van den Broek, 1997

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Slovenia Tourism trends

• t ourist s move f rom one long holiday t o mult iple holidays

(not necessarily in Slovenia)

• visit ors demand a higher level of service, including

bet t er hot el rooms and an unspoilt environment

• ' polit ical and business segment ' increased cf package

holidays

• st rong increase in independent t ravellers
• st eady increase in spending
• increase in share of repeat visit ors
• int ernat ional t ourist arrivals grow by 15% pa 1995-

2000; 10% pa 2000-2001; overall GDP growt h 8.3% pa (but not yet reached mid-1980s levels) predict ed 8% pa average t o 2050 source: World Tourism Organisat ion, 1998:137

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ST- environment

Opport unit y

• environment al resource & local

charact er is t he basis f or t ourism

• so has great er value t o local

communit ies, who have an incent ive t o prot ect it

• and t ourist income provides t he

f unding t o do so

• visit ors gain knowledge,

underst anding, commit ment

• t ourist s demand high

environment al st andards - good pract ice spreads

• t ourism replaces pollut ing agri

& indust rial pract ices

Threat

• t ourist s value only part icular

aspect s, and impose t heir own expect at ions

• valued f eat ures of t en f rozen in

museum ‘past iche’ & ot hers

• f t en devalued
• t ourist numbers damage sit es

and f eat ures

• visit ors seldom underst and or

care about underlying det ail

• whole environment may suf f er

det riment of inf rast ruct ural development

• t ourism consumes resources

and pollut es generally

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Tourism and the environment

4 main links:

• component s/ f eat ures of t he nat ural resource

(as t he basis f or a market able t ourism at t ract ion or product )

• impact s of t ourism operat ions on t he

environment (and management in order t o minimise or reduce

t hem)

• economic or mat erial cont ribut ion of t ourism t o

conservat ion (direct and indirect )

• at t it udes of t ourist t owards t he environment

(including environment al educat ion of and by t ourist operat ors)

Source: Buckley 1994

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ST- environment t o check!

• what legal prot ect ion exist s, and what has been

applied

• what mechanisms f or enf orcement and are

t hey ef f ect ive?

• are t here exist ing plans, and/ or administ rat ive

& implement at ion procedures?

• what educat ional/ int erpret at ive provision?
• any communit y involvement & commit ment ?

(if inf ormat ion unavailable advocat e t he Precaut ionary Principle?)

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ST- economy & polit ical

Opport unit y

• servicing t ourism produces

diversif ied employment & j obs

• t ourist spend sust ains

economy and local communit ies

• penness t o out side cont act

and ideas enhances civil societ y,

• empowerment t hrough

involvement in t ourism policy and planning

Threat

• local employment pat t erns

dist ort ed and t radit ional

• ccupat ions dest royed
• pot ent ial t ourist income

usually appropriat ed elsewhere

• t ourist s seldom underst and or

care about local polit ics or issues

• government s may use t ourism

t o hide repression; local democracy and account abilit y reduced.

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Tourism and the economy

• t ourism creat es j obs but also displaces t hem – eit her t hrough

direct compet it ion or t he displacement of employment

• pport unit ies elsewhere
• f t en, income does not circulat e t hrough t he local economy; it may

be ret ained by t he t ourist ent erprise; and t he ‘spend’ is of t en r emot e f rom t he host count ry

• There may be a rest ruct uring of employment t owards low skill, low

wage, and of t en f ew opport unit ies f or t he communit y as a whole t o benef it .

• knock- on ef f ect s may include local resident s being banned f rom

areas or act ivit ies which are seen t o int erf ere wit h t he t ourist experience; impact s on wage levels ext end t o t he wider economy

• t ourism is a not oriously f ickle indust ry - highly sensit ive t o

nat ional and int ernat ional economic changes and also t o local changes in f ashion. The consequences of a downt urn f or t he local economy can be devast at ing.

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ST- economy t o check!

• what exist ing employment prof iles and t rends?
• evidence of local spend/ local businesses?
• skills & t raining/ career enhancement ?
• mechanisms f or recycling t ourism income

(visit or payback, predicat ed t axes)?

• learning about / engagement wit h polit ical

realit ies? (if inf ormat ion unavailable advocat e t he Precaut ionary Principle?)

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ST- societ y & cult ural

Opport unit y

• communit ies in social decline

are revived,

• t raining and skills improved
• bet t er inf rast ruct ure, more

social cohesion

• enhanced cult ural

underst anding and t olerance

• r evival of local cust oms as

t ourist at t ract ions brings enhanced pride in herit age

Threat

• high propert y prices exclude

locals,

• low paid service sect or j obs
• social inequalit ies increase,

t oget her wit h crime & alienat ion

• lit t le real cont act bet ween

locals and visit ors

• local t radit ions and cust oms

may be abandoned or displaced, or commodif ied and t urned int o ‘et hnic herit age’ past iche

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Tourism and local community and culture

• Virt ually impossible f or local cult ure and

cust oms t o remain unaf f ect ed by t he ‘t ourist gaze’ and act ivit ies

• I mpact s range f rom f acilit at ion t o suppression
• Some f orm of commodif icat ion is inevit able
• Market requires predict abilit y, ‘value f or

money’

• ‘Cult ural exchange’ is rarely a reciprocal

process

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ST- societ y t o check!

• has t ourism increased or bridged social

dif f erent ials?

• what changes in demography, j obs, housing
• pport unit y?
• what ‘cust oms’ (f ood, dress) - as display or

int egral t o societ y?

• how have percept ions of herit age changed?

What is promot ed, what is concealed? (if inf ormat ion unavailable advocat e t he Precaut ionary Principle?)

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Ecotourism

"a f orm of t ourism inspired primarily by t he nat ural hist ory of an area, including it s indigenous cult ures. The ecot ourist visit s relat ively undeveloped areas in t he spirit of appreciat ion, part icipat ion and sensit ivit y... pract ices a non- consumpt ive use of wildlif e and nat ural resources and cont ribut es t o t he visit ed area t hrough labor or f inancial means aimed at direct ly benef it ing t he conservat ion of t he sit e and t he economic well-being of t he local resident s...” Zif f er, 1989 quot ed in Goodwin, 1996: 279 "... is a part icular f orm of t ourism dependant on high qualit y experiences in t he nat ural environment during which t he t ourist is provided wit h opport unit ies (t hrough an appropriat e int erpret at ion programme) t o learn about t he nat ural environment and as a result become more commit t ed t o environment al conservat ion... Ecot ourism can be seen as an agent f or personal and social change”

(Markwell, K and B Weiler. 1999: "Ecot ourism and int erpret at ion" in Cont emporary I ssues in Herit age and Environment al I nt erpret at ion. Problems and Prospect s (eds. D Uzzell and R Ballant yne). London: The St at ionery Of f ice pp. 98-111)

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‘Characteristics’ of ecotourism

• should minimise negat ive environment al and socio-cult ural

impact s on t he host dest inat ion

• should be ecologically sust ainable
• should involve t he act ive promot ion of a conservat ion et hic.

Markwell, K and B Weiler. 1999: "Ecot ourism and int erpret at ion" in Cont emporary I ssues in Herit age and Environment al I nt erpret at ion.

Problems and Prospect s (eds. D Uzzell and R Ballant yne). London: The St at ionery Of f ice pp. 98-111

if ecot ourism is t o cont ribut e seriously t o conservat ion and sust ainable development , it must :

• provide signif icant benef it s f or local resident s
• cont ribut e t o t he sust ainable management of nat ural

resources

• incorporat e environment al educat ion f or t ourist s and

resident s

• be developed and managed t o minimise negat ive impact s on

t he hist oric environment and local cult ure

Wor ld Resources I nst it ut e and I UCN. 1992: Global Biodiversit y St rat egy: Guidelines f or Act ion t o Save, St udy and Use t he Eart h' s Biot ic Wealt h Sust ainably and Equit ably. Cambridge: Wor ld Resources I nst it ut e/ I nt ernat ional Union f or t he Conservat ion of Nat ure/ Unit ed Nat ions Environment Programme/ FAO/ UNESCO

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Ecotourism- demand

Opport unit ies:

Demand f or cheap, mass, ' sun and sand' has peaked Travel market has mat ured: niche market ing seeks addit ional element s The ' New' Tourist

is

• educat ed, knowledgeable
• sophist icat ed, discerning
• moderat ely af f luent

seeks

• personal well-being
• relat ively unspoilt ' nat ural' environment
• nat ure based recreat ion and sport s
• mult i-int erest t ravel and innovat ive

experiences

• part icipat ion in a wide range of act ivit ies
• comparat ive dist inct ion

Weaknesses:

elit ist , unrepresent at ive f alse consciousness

• t he ' new orient alism' ?

demand f or ' nat ure' and ‘cult ure’ may

• dest roy t he resource

base

• negat e local act ivit ies

and economic needs

impact s (and mot ivat ion) may be lit t le dif f erent f rom ‘convent ional’ t ourism

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Ecotourism- supply

Opport unit ies:

reduce impact s increase income support local economy and communit y alt er exist ing t ourist behaviour and at t it udes

Weaknesses: incr easingly compet it ive int ernat ional market

most areas/ parks ill-equipped t o maximise benef it s f ew guides, lit t le int erpret at ion, poor management inf rast ruct ure inadequat e f acilit ies f or spending money or f or benef it ing local communit ies/ economies when t ourist s come.

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Sustainable Tourism Def initions

“Tourism development shall be based on crit eria of sust ainabilit y… Sust ainable development is a guided process which envisages global management of resources so as t o ensure t heir viabilit y, t hus enabling our nat ural and cult ural capit al t o be preserved”

World Tourism Organisat ion 1995

Sust ainable Tourism "meet s t he needs of present t ourist s and host regions while prot ect ing and enhancing opport unit y f or t he f ut ure" Goodwin et al. 1997 “Tourist act ivit ies are sust ainable when t hey are carried out in such a way as t o f lourish in t he t ourist area f or an unlimit ed period, wit hout alt ering t he environment (nat ural, social or cult ural) and when t hey neit her obst ruct nor inhibit t he development of ot her social and economic act ivit ies” World Commission on Environment and

Development 1987

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Sustainability and ‘capitals’

Physical (buildings,

plant, local inf rastructure and resources)

Financial

(money, & access to it)

Natural Capital

(nature’s goods and services)

I nstitutional Capital

(legislation, organisations, the capacity to deliver)

Social Capital

(networks, trust, civic engagement, social perceptions and action)

Economic Capital

Biotic

(species and ecotopes)

Abiotic

(minerals, energy)

Ecological

(biogeochemical cycles, earth processes)

Human Capital

(individuals and collective knowledge, skills, capacity)

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Tourism and PA hist ory

• Early C19t h PA advocacy based on t ourism

Wordswort h (1810) English Lake Dist rict a “sort of nat ional propert y”

• US ‘wilderness’ model of PAs it self t ourism

dependant Yellowst one 1872 “a public park or pleasuring

ground f or t he benef it and enj oyment of t he people”

• PA hist ory pre 1872 recreat ion based

Birkenhead Cem’y, NY Cent ral Park, Yosemit e)

• European PL models <

1945 t ourism based:

– cult ural landscapes – t ourist economy – (lat er) communit y involvement

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I UCN PA Cat egories and t ourism

Sour ce: I UCN/ Eagles et al 2002

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Tourism and prot ect ed landscapes

CATEGORY V - PROTECTED LANDSCAPE OR SEASCAPE “Nat ionally signif icant nat ural landscapes which are charact erist ic of t he harmonious int eract ion of man and land while providing opport unit ies f or public enj oyment t hrough recreat ion and t ourism wit hin t he normal lif est yle and economic act ivit y of t hese areas, usually a mosaic of public and privat e ownership and prot ect ed by planning or ot her cont rol”.

I UCN 1994 Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories

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Slovene & Welsh Prot ect ed Landscapes Slovenia Wales

National Park (I UCN Cat I I / V) 1 (Triglav, 4.1% land surf ace) National Park (I UCN Cat V) 3 (Snowdonia, Brecon Beacons, Pembs Coast ) 20% land surf ace) Regional Park (I UCN cat V/ I I I ) 2 (Kozj ansko, Skocj ansko 1.0% land surf ace) Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

(I UCN cat V) 4½ (8% land surf ace)

Landscape Park (I UCN cat V/ I I I ) 34 (2.8% land surf ace)

Based on Skoberne 2004 Only Triglav, the 2 Regional parks and 1 landscape park (Logardska) currently have a permanent administation and/ or management plan Statutory management plans have been required f or all national parks since 1995 and f or all AONBs since March 2004

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‘St at ut ory Purposes and dut ies’

(local aut horit ies) ”promot ing or improving t he economic, social and environment al well-being of t heir area”

2000 Local Government Act Cons board

AONB same as NP S 87 of t he 1995 Envir onment Act t o “seek t o f ost er t he economic and social well-being of local communit ies”

S 61 of t he 1995 Envir onment Act

Sandf ord principle applies

[Recreat ion / t ourism not a purpose of English AONBs]

t o“promot e opport unit ies f or t he underst anding and enj oyment of t he special qualit ies [of t he park] by t he public”

S 61 of t he 1995 Envir onment Act

“t o conserve and enhance t he nat ural beaut y of t heir area”

S 82 of the 2000 Countryside and Rights of Way Act

t o “conserve and enhance t he nat ural beaut y, wildlif e and cult ural herit age” of t he park AONB National Park

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‘European Chart er’

f or Sust ainable Tourism in Prot ect ed Areas

Aims

• increase awareness and

support f or Pas

• improve t he ‘sust ainable

development and management of t ourism’ in Pas meet needs environment , local resident s, businesses and visit ors

Chart er mark/ cert if icat ion

• PAs apply individually t o

EUROPARC f or recognit ion

• I ndependent verif icat ion

Require t o demonst rat e

• A ‘permanent st ruct ure f or

working in part nership wit h

• t hers’
• A ‘st rat egy f or sust ainable

t ourism’

• A ‘set of act ions which

address sust ainabilit y issues’

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‘European Chart er’

f or Sust ainable Tourism in Prot ect ed Areas

‘Working in partnership’ - ‘involve all t hose implicat ed in t ourism in and around t he prot ect ed area in it s development and management ’ ‘Adopting a strategic approach’ - ‘prepare and implement a sust ainable t ourism st rat egy and act ion plan f or t he prot ect ed area’

• conservat ion/ enhancement of t he

environment and herit age

• economic and social development
• preservat ion/ improvement of

qualit y of lif e f or local resident s

• visit or management and

enhancement of qualit y of t ourism

‘Addressing key issues’

• prot ect and enhance nat ural and

cult ural herit age

• provide all visit ors wit h a high

qualit y experience

• communicat e ef f ect ively
• t he special qualit ies of t he area
• encourage specif ic t ourism

product s…enable discovery and underst anding

• knowledge (t raining)
• part icipat ion, communicat ion,

negot iat ion

• local economic benef it s
• monit or and inf luence visit or

f lows

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