SLIDE 1
Dr Dr. . G. M. . M. SUJIT ITH UNI UNIVER VERSI SITY TY O OF F AGRICUL ULTUR TURAL SC L SCIENC ENCES ES,BANG NGALORE KA KARNATAKA AKA
ROLE E AND U D USE SE OF IMPR PROVED VED AGRICU CULTURAL I IMPL PLEM EMEN ENTS
SLIDE 2 ROLE E AND U D USE SE OF IMPR PROVED VED AGRICU CULTURAL I IMPL PLEM EMEN ENTS
Tim imeli liness of
fa farm ope
tions is is the the ke key to to achi hieve hi highe gher pr produc
nd avoid pos post-harvest lo losse ses in in rainf nfed agri ricul ulture Time a available to to carry ou
t field ope
is lim limited and nd cri riti tical for hi
gher pr produc
tion
Wor
ng c capa pacity of
ndigenous nous i impl plements nts is low
difficult to t to pe perfor
n ti time Impr proved i impl plement nts a are e essenti ntial components ponents of
dryland nd crop
pr produc
tems
SLIDE 3 IMPO PORTANT NT F FARM OPER PERATI TIONS FO NS FOR D DRYL YLAND NDS Tillage a and nd seedbe dbed pr preparation Se Seedi eding ng a and nd fertilization
Weeding ng a and nd inte nterculti tivati tion
Pl Plant pr nt prote
Ha Harvesti ting ng Thr hreshi hing ng
SLIDE 4 Cuts uts and nd inverts ts the the soil il and nd stubbl bbles in in the the form
lices Area of
ha / /hr hr can be an be c covered TI TILL LLAGE E IMPLEM PLEMENT ENTS Moul
d board pl plough
Weeds and nd oth
dues are re com
plete tely buri uried It It doe does not not leav ave unc uncut ut soil il be betw tween adjacent fur furrow
SLIDE 5 TI TILL LLAGE I E IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Moul
d board pl plough
SLIDE 6 Ridin ing ty type pe implement suit itable fo for seed be bed prepa parati tion TI TILL LLAGE I E IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Disc ha harrow
Li Light ght soils ils – 2 to to 3 ope
tions
ll make ke good
bed Ha Hard soils ils – doe does not not pe pene netr trate te easil ily in in it its fir irst st ope
tion
Firs rst ope
tion by by moul
board plough
by disc isc ha harrow
saves tim ime and nd labour bour fo for seed be bed pr prepa paration
by 15-20%
SLIDE 7 TI TILL LLAGE I E IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Disc ha harrow
SLIDE 8 Rip ips thr through ugh the the soil il wit ith a na narrow
isel TI TILL LLAGE I E IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Chi hisel pl plough
Breaks the the ha hard laye yer of
il ju just be below the the pl plough
depth pth Ra Rain water is is made de to to infiltra rate the the soil il by by usin ing thi this implement
SLIDE 9 TI TILL LLAGE I E IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Chi hisel pl plough
SLIDE 10 Us Used fo for making ng bunds unds afte fter sowin ing - to to che heck water in in fields ds TI TILL LLAGE I E IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Bund f und form
Form
unds by by gathe thering ng uppe upper layer of
il Sha Shape and nd siz size of
nds can be be cont
by cha hangi nging ng the he ang ngle of
ngs which ga gather soil il
SLIDE 11 TI TILL LLAGE I E IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Bund f und form
SLIDE 12 Us Used fo for making ng dr draina nage cha hanne nnels and nd bor border der ri ridg dges TI TILL LLAGE I E IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Ridge ger In In two wo to to thr three pa passes it it can make ke a di ditc tch up up to to a de depth pth of
Wa Water movement nt can be be eased by by the the use of
this implement
SLIDE 13
TI TILL LLAGE I E IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Ridge ger
SLIDE 14 In In orde der to to take full ll advanta tage of
precipi pita tati tion in in dry dryland nd agr griculture, hi highe gher dos doses of
nergy input nput is is essenti ntial Ti Tillage machi hine nes of
propri
te size and type pe matc tchi hing ng the the pow power sour
ces ne need to to be be us used
SLIDE 15
Dr Dr. . G. M. . M. SUJIT ITH UNI UNIVER VERSI SITY TY O OF F AGRICUL ULTUR TURAL SC L SCIENC ENCES ES,BANG NGALORE KA KARNATAKA AKA
ROLE E AND U D USE SE OF IMPR PROVED VED AGRICU CULTURAL I IMPL PLEM EMEN ENTS
SLIDE 16 IMPR PROVED VED I IMPL PLEM EMEN ENTS
Sow Sowing ti time and nd the he way it it is is done
decisively inf nflue uenc nce seed germ rmina nation
nd late ter the the grow
th of
he seedl dling
in tur urn, n, affects the the effecti tivene ness
subs ubsequ quent nt weedi ding and nd inte ntercul ultivation
nd finally ly crop
ield SO SOWING NG A AND ND FER FERTI TILI LIZER EQ EQUI UIPM PMENT ENT
SLIDE 17 SO SOWING NG A AND ND FER FERTI TILI LIZER EQ EQUI UIPM PMENT ENT Th This im imple lement dr drops ps seeds ds and nd ferti tilizers simul ulta tane neous usly at desir sired de depths pths Se Seed c d cum um ferti tilizer dri drill Provisi sion is is made de to to dro rop ferti tilizers about bout 35mm mm be below
nd 35mm mm by by the the sid ide of
the seed Doe
the work rk of
wo labou bours who ho are re ot
rwise requi quired fo for dr droppi
ng fertil iliz izers be behi hind nd seed drill ill
SLIDE 18
SO SOWING NG A AND ND FER FERTI TILI LIZER EQ EQUI UIPM PMENT ENT Se Seed c ed cum um ferti tilizer dri drill
SLIDE 19 WEED EEDING NG A AND ND I INTER NTERCUL ULTI TIVATION N IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Very ry efficient in in ro row crops
icula larly ly in in sandy ndy and nd loa
ils. Ca Can be be ope
ted easily ily by by sin ingle pe person
Ha Hand nd weede ders / c cycle weeders Th The fati tigue ue in in ope
ting ng long ng ha handl ndled weede ders is is consid siderably ly lo low be becaus use the the ope
tor works in in a sta tandi nding ng pos postur ture 0.2 to to 0.3 ha ha of
nd can be be covered in in a day
SLIDE 20
WEED EEDING NG A AND ND I INTER NTERCUL ULTI TIVATION N IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Ha Hand nd weede ders / c cycle weeders
SLIDE 21 WEED EEDING NG A AND ND I INTER NTERCUL ULTI TIVATION N IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Com
bina nati tion
blade fitte tted acros
the ty tyne nes Inte ntercul ultur ural hoe hoe He Helps ps in in loo
the top top soil, il, up uproot
allow
weeds by by the he proj
ted tyne nes and nd fo forms fur urrow
nd ri ridg dges by by simultane neous
thr throwing ng soil il on
ther sid ide in in one
SLIDE 22
WEED EEDING NG A AND ND I INTER NTERCUL ULTI TIVATION N IMPLEM PLEMENTS ENTS Inte ntercul ultur ural hoe hoe
SLIDE 23 PL PLANT NT PR PROTEC TECTI TION EQ N EQUI UIPM PMENTS ENTS Manually lly ope
ted kna naps psack spra rayer Co Compressio sion spra rayer Foot
rayer Rocke ker spra rayer Kna naps psack pow power spra rayer Ha Hand nd rotary
duste ter
SLIDE 24 PL PLANT NT PR PROTEC TECTI TION EQ N EQUI UIPM PMENTS ENTS Manually lly ope
ted kna naps psack spra rayer Co Compressio sion spra rayer Foot
rayer Rocke ker spra rayer Kna naps psack pow power spra rayer Ha Hand nd rotary
duste ter
SLIDE 25 PL PLANT NT PR PROTEC TECTI TION EQ N EQUI UIPM PMENTS ENTS
Manually operated ted kn knaps psack spra rayer Co Compres ession spra rayer Foot
spra rayer Po Power spra rayer Rota tary Du Duste ter
SLIDE 26 HA HARVEST ESTING NG AND ND THR THRESHI ESHING NG EQ EQUI UIPM PMENTS ENTS Groundn
ut and nd po pota tato di to digger Efficient implement fo for di digging ng groundn
ut and nd pota potato to Trans nspo port cum um depth pth ga gauge ge whe heels are re pr provide ded fo for easy tr trans nspor port and nd uni unifor
depth pth of
tion
Lif ift rods
re pr provide ded be behi hind nd the he blade de to to facilit ilitate sepa parati tion
il fr from
ut and nd pota potato to
SLIDE 27 HA HARVEST ESTING NG AND ND THR THRESHI ESHING NG EQ EQUI UIPM PMENTS ENTS Groundn
ut and nd po pota tato di to digger
SLIDE 28 HA HARVEST ESTING NG AND ND THR THRESHI ESHING NG EQ EQUI UIPM PMENTS ENTS Mul ulti ti pur purpos pose thr threshe her Sui Suita table fo for thr threshi hing ng cereals, pul pulses and nd oilse ilseeds Ope perate tes thr through ugh thr threshi hing ng cylin linder and nd electri tric motor
Equi Equipm pment nt provide ded wit ith gra rain cleaning arrangement Output utput capa pacity ty – 40kg kg to to 300kg kg pe per hour hour
SLIDE 29
HA HARVEST ESTING NG AND ND THR THRESHI ESHING NG EQ EQUI UIPM PMENTS ENTS Mul ulti ti pur purpos pose thr threshe her
SLIDE 30 HA HARVEST ESTING NG AND ND THR THRESHI ESHING NG EQ EQUI UIPM PMENTS ENTS Maize shelle ller Pow
ted equi quipment nt Us Used fo for sepa parati ting ng gra rain fr from
dehus husked maize cobs
Output utput capa pacity ty – 40kg kg to to 300kg kg pe per hour hour
SLIDE 31
HA HARVEST ESTING NG AND ND THR THRESHI ESHING NG EQ EQUI UIPM PMENTS ENTS Maize shelle ller
SLIDE 32 As As tim imelin liness ss of
tions is is the he ke key to to th the suc uccess of
rop pr produ duction,
roved agri ricultur ural implement nts are re essenti ntial com
ponents nts of
dryland nd crop
produc
tion
In In de decidi ding ng farm rm mechani nizati tion in in dry dryland nd areas, whe here farm rmers are re gene nerally poor
their so socio-econo
shoul hould alw lways be be ke kept in in min ind
SLIDE 33
Dr Dr. . G. M. . M. SUJIT ITH UNI UNIVER VERSI SITY TY O OF F AGRICUL ULTUR TURAL SC L SCIENC ENCES ES,BANG NGALORE KA KARNATAKA AKA
BASI SIC C CONCEPT CEPTS I S IN PO POST ST-HARVEST VEST STORA ORAGE GE TE TECHNOL HNOLOGY OGY
SLIDE 34 Harvesting ng
crops
is is season
bu but cons
ption
the he fo food gra rains is is conti
uous Necessary to to store re the he pr produc uce fo for different pe peri riods ds fo for di different nt reason
marketi ting ng, hom home cons
umpti ption
tc
BASI SIC C CONCEPT CEPTS I S IN PO POST ST-HARVEST VEST STORA ORAGE GE TE TECHNOL HNOLOGY OGY
SLIDE 35 Estimate ted pos post-harvest lo losse ses pe per ann nnum um is is approxim imately ly 10% Essenti ntial to to produ
preserve and marke ket gra rains by by reta taini ning the heir qualit lity and nd reduc ducing ng lo losse ses Grains ns are re uni niqu que as they ey can withs hstand nd transpo port and nd have long ng – term term stora rage ge capa pacity ty, thu thus reta taining ng thei their qua quality ty A GRAI RAIN SA SAVED VED IS IS A GRAIN AIN PR PRODUC UCED ED
SLIDE 36 Gra rain stora rage ge is is a man made de ecologi
tem in in which ch a livin living
rganisms and nd th their non non-livin ving environm nment nt inte teract wit ith each
Whe hen stor
d, th the impo portant nt factor
to to be be cons
dered are re: Tempe peratur ture Mo Moist isture Oxyge gen Carbon rbon dioxid ide conc
ntration
SLIDE 37 Impor porta tant nt stor torage ins nsect pe pests ts Rice weevil – Make gra rains hol hollow
by bi biti ting ng Flour ur be beetle – in infest st mill illed pr produc
ts Saw aw too tooth th gra rain be beetl tle – feeds ds on
rain of
nd flour
Rice moth
brok
en gra rains Puls lse be beetl tle – pulse lse gra rains alm lmost hol hollow
not fit it to to cons
ume
SLIDE 38 Stor Storage A stora rage tem tempe peratur ure greater ter tha han 15deg.centi ntigrade de is is ide deal fo for good
torage Rate of
respirat ration of
rain inc ncreases wit ith an inc ncrease in in te tempe peratu ture Reduc duction
in moi
ture is is the the ke key to to long
lf life fe of
rain
SLIDE 39 Remembe ber be before stor torage…… …… Dr Dry and clean th the gra rain to to 10-13%moi
ure – bi bite te a gra rain to to te test mois isture conte
isture will ll re result in in fungus ungus inf nfestati tion
A ha hard, d, smooth
nd crack-fre ree floor
is good
for dry drying ng Cle Clean and nd dis isin infest st the the stor torage str truc uctur ture Re Remove br brok
en gra rains fr from
the whol hole gra rains
Seed quality ity does not not impr improve in in stora rage ge i.e in inferi rior quality ity seeds rema main in in inferi rior…… ……
SLIDE 40 Good
ity seeds are re thos those which ch…… …… Germi rminate well ll Dis isease fre ree Fr Free fro rom dir irt and other
lant ma materia rials
SLIDE 41
DO DON’T WA WASTE FOOD FOOD GRAIN AINS BEHIND ND EVER EVERY GR GRAIN ARE MA MANY HOURS HOURS OF OF HA HARD RD WORK ORK OF OF TH THE FARM ARMER
SLIDE 42
People les p par artic icip ipatio ion in tec technolo logy developm pment nt
SLIDE 43 Peop
tici cipati tion
Parti ticipa pati tion
is a mechani nism whe here pe peopl
ress th themselves and nd act wit ith mutu tual responsib ibilit ility to to pr promote te a mutua ual se set of
inte nterests ts Parti ticipator tory pr proc
nclude ude:
nfor
nerati tion
lysis is of
the inf nfor
nerate ted
Planni nning ng (i (inc nclud uding ng budg udgeting ng and nd respons ponsibility ty - sha hari ring) ng)
tati tion of
the acti tions
planne nned: and nd
nagement nt of
the activ ivit itie ies on
ng pr proc
SLIDE 44 PARTICI CIPATORY R RURAL APPR PPRAISA SAL ( (PR PRA)
Parti ticipa patory
ural Appr ppraisal (PRA) A) tec techn hnique ues are re useful ul ways of
ini niti tiati ting ng the the pr proc
ticipa pati tion PRA RA tec techni nique ues are re com
prised of
range ge of
semi mi-struc uctu tured too
that at can be be used to to learn, n, relati tively qui quickly wit ith th the rur ural pe peopl
about bout thei their situa tuations
prob
nd oppor
tunities
SLIDE 45 PR PRA t tec echniques es
PRA RA tec techni nique ues that at can ini niti tiate te th the pr process of
parti ticipati tion in in dry dryland nd programmes inc nclud ude: Ti Timeline – he helps ps as us useful ful hi histori torical perspecti tive fo for pl planni nning ng Mapp pping ng – to to genera rate all ll kinds nds of
nfor
tion
Cha harts ts and nd diagr grams – to to de depi pict resour
nd relations
hips Trans nsects ts – cros
ks wit ith the the farm rmers
SLIDE 46 Care re in in the the use of
PRA too tools Us User mu must clearly di disti tingui nguish be betw tween facts ts, opi
nions
PR PRA outputs
users creativ ivit ity and nd inte ntegrity ty Select inf nfor
nts wit ith care Views expressed by by a fe few cannot nnot be be generalized ed Cr Cross-veri rificati tion of
data ta is is a ne necessary pa part of
PRA Doc
umenta ntati tion
data ta PR PRA resul ults ts in in expe pectati tions
naged wit ith expl planati tions
SLIDE 47 PARTICI CIPATORY T TEC ECHNOLOGY D DEVEL EVELOPM PMEN ENT(PT (PTD) D)
It It is is a pr process that at com
nes th the knowledg dge and nd resea earch capa paciti ties of
loc
uniti ties wit ith that at
resear arch and nd de developm
nt or
nizati tions
in an inte nteracti tive mode
Pur Purpos poseful ul a and nd creative i inter nteraction
betw tween n loc
com
unities and nd outs
de f facilitato tors
SLIDE 48 PARTICI CIPATORY T TEC ECHNOLOGY D DEVEL EVELOPM PMEN ENT(PT (PTD) D)
PTD PTD involve ves: Gaini ning ng j joi
nt unde understa tand nding ng of
the main n cha haracte teristi tics a and nd cha hang nges of
particul ular ecos
tem Ide denti ntifying a ng and nd de defini ning ng pri prior
and nd pr prob
ndividua ual farmers a and f nd farming ng com
uniti ties Ex Expe perimenti nting ng loc
with th a vari riety of
derived both both by farmers a and fr nd from
scient ntists ts Enha Enhanci ncing ng f farmers expe perimenta ntal c capa pacities
SLIDE 49 Peop
parti ticipati tion in in cor
tly ide denti tify fying ng and nd de development
technol
gies will ll help lp sustain hi high gh outputs
rom dr drylands ds besid sides imbi bibi bing ng an im impressio ion that at they ey are re the he sta takehol
ders of
the the pr prog
SLIDE 50
Dr Dr. . G. M. . M. SUJIT ITH UNI UNIVER VERSI SITY TY O OF F AGRICUL ULTUR TURAL SC L SCIENC ENCES ES,BANG NGALORE KA KARNATAKA AKA
Farmer ers C Cen ente tered ed Ex Exten ension ( (FCE) a CE) approach
SLIDE 51 Technol hnolog
perspe pectives w with th respe pect to to soc
conte
t of farmers Pr Proba
ty of
risk Cos
t assoc
ted Pr Prope
nfed dry dryland nd tec technol hnolog
are thos those, whi hich c h can r n reduc duce the the ri risk of
ure, pr produc
um econom
turn a n and nd cha hang nge the c the cons
tive atti ttitud tude of
the f farmers
SLIDE 52 EXTE XTENS NSION ON STRA TRATE TEGY FOR GY FOR DRYL YLAND A AGRI GRICULTUR URE
Farm rmers in in the he dryla land areas do do not not have access to to mode dern rn sour
ces of
nfor
Techno nolog
trans nsfer in in rainf nfed areas ne needs spe pecial att ttent ntion
be becaus use of
prob
unique que to to such areas A lim limited ra range ge of
technol
gies is is availa ilable fr from
agencies fo for rainf nfed areas Th These agenc ncies need to to ini niti tiate te group
tion and nd mobili ilize com
unities to to ado dopt pt rainf nfed farm rming ng tec technol
and nd mana nage na natur tural resour
SLIDE 53 FARMER ER-CEN ENTER ERED EX D EXTEN ENSI SION
Assur ured fa farmer pa parti ticipa pati tion in in tec techn hnology
develop
di dissemina nati tion is is the the ke key to to succ ccess in in dryla land exte tens nsion effor
ts be becaus use farm rmers have EXPER EXPERIENC ENCE and nd LO LOCAL INSI NSIGHT HT “Farmers C Cente ntered Ex d Exte tens nsion (F
E)” Ex Exte tens nsion
pproa
h wor
well i in n thi this di directi tion w
here farmers act a t as Pri Princ ncipa pal agents nts of
hang nge
SLIDE 54 FARMER ER-CEN ENTER ERED EX D EXTEN ENSI SION
Ex Exte tens nsion
pproa
hes 1.Technol hnolog
tered e exte tens nsion
Foc
us is on
disseminati ting ng tec technol hnology
2.Farmer cente ntered e exte tension
Pr Prom
farmers by us using te ng technol hnolog
as a a vehi hicle for de
nt
SLIDE 55 FARMER ER-CEN ENTER ERED EX D EXTEN ENSI SION
Wh Why FCE CE ? The he f far armer c cente ntered exte tens nsion a
pproa
h is mor
effecti tive as it: t: Facilita tates a acce cess to to remote
not easily s served d by exte tens nsion
agents nts Es Esta tablishe hes qui quick and nd be bette tter r rappor port w t with the th the farming ng c com
unity ty Ope perate te on a
low
udget Pr Provide des ti timely as well a as efficient a nt and d effective e exte tens nsion n services Free c com
unication
among f
the s soul
FCE
SLIDE 56 FARMER ER-CEN ENTER ERED EX D EXTEN ENSI SION
Wh Who are re all ll involve ved in in FC FCE? E? Farm rmer e exte tens nsioni
Governm rnment e nt exte tens nsioni
t agents nts Sc Scienti ntists ts NG NGO exte tens nsion
t agents nts Pill illars of
CE Farm rmer Farm rmer e exte tens nsioni
Farm rmer g grou
ps Research a h and nd tr traini ning ng i ins nsti tituti tutions
SLIDE 57 FARMER ER-CEN ENTER ERED EX D EXTEN ENSI SION
Strate tegi gies fo for FC FCE? E? Form
tion of
nt groups
Begin w n with th inf nfor
Ide denti ntificati tion of
exte tens nsioni
t Equi Equipp pping the ng the farmer exte tens nsion
Form
tion
rmers’ Pr Prof
Assoc
) THE THE BEST EST ED EDUC UCATORS O S OF F FARMERS A S ARE E F A F A R M E R E R S S T T H H E M E M S E L S E L V V E S E S
SLIDE 58 Na Natur tural r resour
are c com
nity ty a assets ts, so
ndividua ual ac acti tion
(dry dryland nd areas) m ) may not not be bear ar fr frui uit.
The he di difficul ult a t agro-economic situa tuati tion c
unity ty a acti tion
Farm rmer-cente ntered appr pproa
h is pa parti ticipator tory i in na natur ture, pr prom
the conc
t of hum human n ri rights
Peopl
pon moti
tion w
parti ticipate te and nd de develops
dence, pri pride a and a nd a sens nse of
ponsibilty ty
