Revitalizing Urban Streams Mee Kam NG and the research team The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Revitalizing Urban Streams

Mee Kam NG and the research team The Chinese University of Hong Kong Contract research commissioned by Drainage Services Department

Disclaimer

• Research results of a commissioned research
• Views do not represent the Drainage Services Department

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Contents

• Review of existing international and Asian guidelines
• Case studies
• Suggested guidelines

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Six Sets of Guidelines Reviewed

Guidelines Review

Case Studies Proposed Guidelines

Conclusion

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Engineering Techniques

Guidelines Review

Case Studies Proposed Guidelines

Conclusion

Key Findings:

• Most of the guidelines were prepared in response to

deteriorating quality of water bodies  negative impacts on sanitation and the riparian environment

• Importance of maintaining a holistic and whole river basin

perspective

• Balanced rehabilitation and revitalization of urban streams to

restoring the aquatic ecology and riparian biodiversity, managing storm-water discharge and enhancing the aesthetic, recreational and accessibility of waterfront area

• A thorough understanding of a water body and its surrounding

territories, their ecological value and functions to the surrounding communities.

• Campaign to re-educate communities living around urban

streams to appreciate and protect them

• Intra-governmental and between the government and the

general public co-operation as early as possible

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies Proposed Guidelines

Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

2005

Methodology

• Literature review
• Qualitative research: interviewed >30 stakeholders in 4

Asian cities (Seoul, New Taipei City, Taoyuan County, Singapore, Shenzhen)

• Interviewing local stakeholders including green groups,

government officials, and consultants and engineers in government commissioned projects

• synthesizing all the research materials; and sharing in

a seminar to collect feedback and criticisms

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Observations

• All case studies: historical urban rivers or drainage

channels—generally heavily polluted

• Vision: either by the government or the civil society

 resulting in collaborative and creative planning and implementation mechanisms (among government departments and between government and civil society)

• A river basin or catchment approach to river

revitalization

• Water quality critical—top priority to sewage

interception or treatment

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Observations

• Stream functions:

– Ecology and biodiversity – Drainage and flood prevention functions – Amenities

• Themed sections of the revitalized streams
• Widespread public or stakeholders engagement
• Taipei: Urban regeneration
• Projects in Taipei and Seoul  gentrification

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Cheong Gye Cheon in Seoul

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Cheong Gye Cheon in Seoul

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Dates

• 1937: Cheong Gye Cheon (CGC) was

covered by concrete structure and in 1961, the stream was fully covered and worked as an arterial roadway

• 1961-71: an elevated expressway

was built

• 1991: a casual chat between an

engineering and a history professor

• 1998: a Korean novelist and

professors advocated the idea

• 2000: Informal research group on

CGC by Prof. Noh

• 2002: CGC became Lee Myung Bak’s

election issue

• 2003: CGC Restoration Project began
• 2005: CGC Restoration Project

completed

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Cheong Gye Cheon area

• 60,000 enterprises
• 220,000 merchants
• Population of street vendors:

3,000

• 2002: Merchant Committee
• Basic principles:

– No cash payments – Indirect forms of financial support – Relocation of merchant businesses—planned and undertaken by Government – Assistance to stimulate business activities— reducing merchants’ parking fee, improving loading and unloading parking system – Indirect funding—small business loans, debt relief, facilities improvement

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Objectives

• Bring nature/ecosystem back to the heart of the city

through restoring the intrinsic functions (water utilization, flood control, environment preservation…)

• f the CGC
• Restore cultural and historical heritage of downtown

Seoul

• Remove the concrete roadway structure and the
• verpass due to safety and environmental concerns
• Regional economic competitiveness: balanced

development between old and new and the natural environment

• Hands-on eco experience to millions of citizens

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Combined sewage

• verflow box

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Intensive Stakeholder Involvement

• Started by a bunch of professors…
• Before the project: a bridge design competition, a

design competition for students, photograph and slogan competitions, a marathon and walking tours…

• “Saturday Open Discussions” led by Mayor Lee
• Citizens’ Committee: Prof. Noh invited people via

Internet to join—over 136 members from different background joined (1/3 belonged to the research groups)

• 4,200 meetings of different kinds and scales, 2,304

specific field-survey visits, mass meetings with >2,500 participants

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Conflicts

• Merchants: desired cash compensation
• NGOs: environment, heritage and culture

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Lessons

• Initiated by a group of scholars
• A collaborative project between the people and the

government

• Tripartite governance structure of the project
• Room for improvement

– Comprehensive ecological restoration? – A longer term perspective in restoring heritage and culture?

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Zhong Gang Main Drainage in New Tapei City

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Xinzhuang Second City Centre

Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Dates

• 2006: completion of the initial

planning for New Taipei City Zhong Gang Main Drainage Pollution Alleviation and Riverine Environment Creation Project

• 2007: Lee Hong Yuan (Deputy

County Head) chaired a cross- departmental unit  County Affairs Implementation Unit

• 2008: Completion of design and

planning

• 2009: trial operation
• 2012: Completion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Mode of Governance

• The County Affairs Implementation Group

(government officials from various departments)

• Chaired by County Deputy
• Contractors monitored by Water Services Bureau

(also responsible for daily operation and management)

• Activities: management and operation by relevant

government departments

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Goals and Objectives

• Alleviate pollution problem
• Flood prevention
• Improve the quality of life
• Urban regeneration

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Stakeholder Involvement

• County Affairs Implementation Group—inter-

governmental group; also for communication between the government and the public

• NGO: OURS (The Organization of Urban Re-s), was hired

to facilitated community planning

• More than 100 activities: illustration meetings,

seminars, workshops, opinion surveys, site visits, etc.

• A community newspaper

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Lessons

• Strong government to improve the environment in
• rder to build a second city centre—urban

regeneration

• Few objections—as the situation was extremely bad
• Operation and maintenance costs: burden
• Holistic rather than section by section improvement

along the drain?

• Gentrification

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Lao Jie River in Taoyuan County

Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

General Administrative Structure

• Water Resources Bureau
• Urban and Rural Development Bureau
• Environmental Protection Bureau along with other

bureaux such as the Department of Culture Affairs, Education Bureau, Agricultural Development Bureau and Zhongli and Pingzhen City Offices

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Longtan Township

Wulin River Nanshi River

Pingzhen City

Zhongli City

Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Dates

• Before 2006: The Taoyuan

Airport MRT project

• 2009: Zhongli City

Preliminary Regeneration Plan Scheme

• 2011: Commencement of

Lao Jie River Revitalization Project

• 2013: Proposed

completion date

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Goals and Objectives

• Flood control
• Revitalization of the river
• Bringing people closer to the river
• Economic development
• Improving the living quality of the people
• Branding Taoyuan County: city regeneration and

city re-modelling

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Water Quality Improvement Works

• Sewage interception engineering works
• Comprehensive sewage and waste management of

nearby industrial areas to reduce overall pollution

• Monitoring of illegal effluents by the Environmental

Protection Bureau

• Construction of the new underground Contact Bed

Treatment Facility within the redesigned Xinshi Park

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

• 60 sessions of public forums since 2012
• About 5,000 participants

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Lessons

• A sustainable river revitalization method: natural

river, ecological cleaning

• Complete removal of the covered structure: strong

government will

• Inter-government agency collaboration: 12 bureaux

and agencies working collaboratively throughout the project

• Improvement for future implementation: more

biodiversity, more bioengineering works to provide habitats for wildlife

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Kallang River @ Bishan— Ang Mo Kio Park in Singapore

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Government Agencies Involved

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Water Supply in Singapore: Four National Taps

• Imported water (from Johor): 40%
• Local catchment (reservoirs): 20%
• NEWater (recycled water): 30%
• Desalinated water: 10%

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(Deep Tunnel Sewage System)

Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Dates

• 2006: Launching of the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC)

Programme by National Waters Agency (PUB)

• 2007-2008: Planning of the Kallang River @ Bishan Park Project
• 2009: ABC Waters Design Guidelines launched by PUB
• 2009: Construction of the Kallang River @ Bishan Park Project
• 2011: ABC Waters Design Guidelines updated
• 2011: Completion of construction for Kallang River @ Bishan Park

Project

• 2012: Re-opening of the Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park for public enjoyment

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Mode of Governance

• PUB and National Parks Board (NParks)
• The stretch of Kallang River under the management
• f PUB runs through the Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park

under the management of NParks

• Steering Committee chaired by the directors of the

two agencies—regular meetings before, during and after the project

• PUB and NParks  service agreement—

– NParks manages the horticulture in the park and within 25m to 40m from the Kallang River – PUB focuses on the maintenance of the engineering works

• f the Kallang River channel and its hydrology

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Goals and Objectives

• Integration of the Bishan Park and the Kallang River
• Integration between PUB and NParks

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Water Quality Improvement Works

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Stakeholder Involvement

• Pre-Project: community outreach and consultation

– Grass root and school communities – Community outreach programme – Information to the public: overall park and a river design and the safety precautions, soil bioengineering techniques

• Post-project:

– 3 P (People, Public, Private) – Schools and communities are encouraged to adopt one of the ABC Waters Projects and take-up responsibilities for its up-keeping and basic management

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Lessons

• A ‘bottom-up’ idea: originated from Nature Society

and was later adopted by PUB as one of the ABC Waters Projects

• Complete de-channelization of a concrete drainage

into a meandering natural river

• A river basin and flood plain approach
• Inter-departmental agencies collaboration
• More riparian plants? Wildlife? And ecology!
• Good timing and sufficient land space 

reconstruction of the Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park— land use and land allocation is crucial to the success

• f any river restoration system

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Futian River in Shenzhen

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Dates

• 2001: Completion of the feasibility study of fixing the problems of

Futian River

• 2002: Preliminary design
• 2004: Formulation of planning option
• 2007: Official approval of the landscape improvement work
• 2009: Construction commenced
• 2012: Project completion

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Mode of Governance

• Water Affairs Bureau
• A committee headed by a Vice Mayor to coordinate

works among government units

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Goal

• A clear and clean River
• With appealing landscape
• Enhanced capacity to prevent the occurrence of

flooding

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Water Quality Improvement Works

Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Water Quality Improvement Works

Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Water Quality Improvement Works

Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Drainage & River Channel Improvement Works

• Widening river floor
• Flap gates to regulate the water level
• Rainwater retention area in Bijiashan Park and the Central Park
• Existing concrete embankment and river bed were removed

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Ecology & Landscape Improvement Works

• Retaining old orchard and trees
• Planting vegetation that blossoms in different seasons
• Wetland lakes of different scales and diversities of water

plants

• Matching facilities such as the platform and sculptures

with the surrounding environment

• Incorporating Lingnan culture into the design
• Flap gates at different levels to create variety of the river

course

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Stakeholders Involved

• Questionnaire survey
• Exhibition of plans for public comments
• Workshops, public hearings, seminars
• Telephone and internet
• Site visit

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Key Lessons

• Sufficient land for river improvement work—800 m

greenbelt serves as a buffer for the project work

• Few objections
• Support from higher level government
• Different methods of improving water quality would

have their own limitations and demerits

• Capacity of sewage facilities and city growth
• Management: maintaining water quality
• Public needs to learn to treasure the river at their

doorstep

• Accessibility of rivers

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Lessons Learned from All the Case Studies

• Water Treatment a Key to Success

– To intercept sewage and pollute water through box culverts for treatment – Natural and creative methods, e.g. the underground contact bed treatment in Lao Jie River; cleansing biotope in Singapore – Consider stream revitalization in a holistic manner with the consideration of the river basin as a whole

• Comprehensive Regeneration

– Restoring nature and biodiversity – For recreation, refreshment, meditation, learning and education – Drainage system: to divert storm and flooding risk – Urban regeneration

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Lessons Learned from All the Case Studies

• Governance: Collaboration within Government and

Widespread Engagement with the Public

– Tripartite partnership in Seoul – Singapore: very clear division of labour – Stakeholder engagement:

• Competition
• Walking tours
• Discussions (experts and information)
• NGOs to facilitate participation
• Opinion and questionnaire surveys
• Community newspaper
• Public hearings
• Exhibition
• Web sites

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Lessons Learned from All the Case Studies

• Theming the Streams in Context

– Ecological corridors – Cultural belts – Water and lights – Attachment to water – Low Carbon lifestyle – Education Centre – Historical centre

• Financial Implications

– High capital costs – High maintenance costs

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Concluding Remark

“… in the long run, urban stream revitalization needs to be seen as just one part of a much bigger project of making urban development more sustainable and environmentally friendly”

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Planning Processes

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Background research Long-term vision & specific objectives Mode of governance Policy support Legislative support Resources Engineering and design aspects Planning process Implementation, monitoring and management

Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Background Research: History & Support

Historical understanding & support By whom?

• BUILDING UP OF A DATA-BASE
• Local NGOs and schools etc.
• District/local councils should

play an important role?

• Very important for

building a sense of

• wnership
• Government
• Local communities
• Local stakeholders such as

scholars, schools, interested citizens

• Hydraulic history
• Natural topography and

geomorphology

• Land ownership patterns
• Experts
• Government

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Mode of Governance

Mode By whom?

• Formal institutional set up
• Specific government department to
• versee river works in urban and rural

areas (Drainage and River Services Dept.?)

• District/local councils can serve as an

important local actor—to build up LOCAL CAPACITY

• Project task force with experts and

relevant stakeholders at the local level

• Government: specific

department + related

• nes
• Experts
• District/local councils

(Committee on Streams?)

• Related stakeholders
• Informal institutional set up
• Public education through e.g. schools
• District/local council education
• Involving the local community to use,

engage the rivers e.g. landscape design, installation art work, water sports, story telling…

• Studies by academics or community

researchers

• Government
• District/local councils
• Green groups
• Researchers
• General public

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Policy, Legislative and Resource Support

Support By whom?

• Policy
• River conservation & revitalization

policy?

• Proper land use planning
• Sustainable urban development policy

such as low impact development?

• Enhanced sewage treatment policy
• Interdepartmental cooperation
• Chief Executive in Council?
• Chief Secretary?
• Government bureaux and

departments

• Legislation, rules, standards
• Mandatory ecological value

assessment?

• Ordinance or regulations to conserve

vegetation and trees along urban rivers

• River revitalization standards
• Concerted efforts by

different government departments

• Legislative council
• Experts
• Community
• Dedicated resources
• Money, expertise, materials
• Public engagement
• Management and monitoring in

private land

• Government
• Community efforts

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Long-term Vision

Long-term vision By whom?

• Converting concretized channels to

re-naturalized channels?

• Concerted efforts by government

departments, e.g. DSD, AFCD, CEDD, EPD, LCSD…

• Help by environmental NGOs
• Experts esp. academics
• Civil society
• Protection of freshwater

biodiversity

• Restoration of the hydrological

basin

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Specific Objectives

Specific Objectives By whom?

• CASE BY CASE
• Flooding control
• Concerted efforts by related

government departments led by a new (renamed?) Drainage and River Services Department?

• Ecology
• Experts
• Amenities including educational,

recreational purposes and accessibility

• Local employment
• Local identity
• Local council, communities +

government (planners) + private sector

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Engineering and Design Aspects

Engineering and Design By whom?

Baseline Study and Assessment

• Ecological value of river system, including wildlife and

habitat survey

• Regional and local context:
• Catchment of the drainage basin
• Pressure and impact
• Surrounding land uses & accessibility
• Community characteristics
• Heritage
• Government

departments

• EXPERTS:

consultants, academics, green groups Physical Design Aspects: maximize soft engineering

• Flood control capacity
• Improving water quality (water treatment, sewage

interception, culvert construction, pumping, natural means?)

• Re-engineering the drainage and river channel and

bed?

• Riparian environment
• Interface between river and sea
• Ecological/habitat enhancement, wildlife access routes

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Engineering and Design Aspects

Engineering and Design By whom?

Urban Design Aspects

• Landscape enhancement including

furniture, crossings, greening

• Heritage
• Transportation plans including

pedestrianization, cycling tracks…

• Theming?
• Safety design and measures
• EXPERTS: consultants,

academics, green groups

• Local councils and

communities

• Government departments

Information Management and Sharing?

• Government
• District/local council
• Green groups

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Planning Process

Planning Process By whom?

• Mode of governance
• Representatives of local

communities or stakeholders (interested parties)

• Engaging the general public EARLY ON

and THROUGHOUT the process:

• Visions
• Specific objectives
• Assessment
• Urban design aspects
• Access to information
• Implementation, management,

monitoring…

• Various activities: competitions, forums,

workshops, tours, educational activities, arts and culture…

• Government
• District/local council
• Consultant
• Green groups
• Schools
• Any interested parties
• Conflict resolution mechanisms
• Government, consultants
• District/local councils
• Local stakeholders
• Sharing of information
• Hotline

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Implementation Process

Implement., Management & Monitoring Process By whom?

• Implementation
• Inter-departmental responsibilities by the

Government

• Communication and

building mutual trust with local stakeholders

• Works agents (Government or

consultants): liaison officers to communicate

and organize meetings

• Community liaison group with regular

meetings

• Green groups & local communities
• Evaluation
• Physical dimensions
• Community

dimensions

• Experts (with green groups)
• District/local councils and local

stakeholders

• Management (litter &

refuse, dredging, weed- cutting, bankside vegetation)

• Government
• District/local councils
• Monitoring
• Government
• Independent experts
• District/local councils and local

stakeholders

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Guidelines Review Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines Conclusion

Concluding Remarks: Overall Approach

• Drainage basin perspective: design with nature
• Other mega-policy support (outside DSD): planning, urban development,

pollution control and sewage treatment

• Overall mindset change in Hong Kong: within and outside government
• Drainage Services Department  Drainage and River Services

Department?

• Policy support especially river conservation and revitalization

policies, inter-departmental co-operation…

• Legislative and standards development?
• Resource implications
• Local community (district/local councils, schools, etc.) should play a

more active role in understanding the historical background and rallying local support

• Tripartite partnership throughout the planning and design process:

government departments, experts (including green groups) and local communities

 While the government plays an important coordinating role, it’s also a ‘walking on two legs’ approach: scientific/expert knowledge (within and outside government) + local wisdom

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines

Conclusion

Concluding Remarks: Engaging the community

 Public education on the functions and values of

rivers and their living environment  urban streams as the source of life, creativity, culture, inspiration in the local community

• Engage the community creatively throughout the

process

– Within the mode of governance – Sharing of information – Facilitate community inputs in planning, design, implementation, management and monitoring – Building trust

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines

Conclusion

Concluding Remarks: Other Considerations

• How to make the water accessible?
• Safety issues
• Dealing with the negative impacts of successful

revitalization of rivers and regeneration of the local communities such as the escalation of rental costs that drives out tenants…

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Guidelines Review

Case Studies

Proposed Guidelines

Conclusion

THANK YOU!

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