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Reuse presentation (Jordan)

Article · September 2013

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Reuse of Treated Wastewater

Towards Sustainable Development

• Eng. Nayef Seder

Towards Sustainable Development

• Eng. Nayef Seder

is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both effluents and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse. is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both effluents and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse.

Justification for the use of treated water

• Scarcity of water resources - agriculture occupies

the most important consumer of water, it is necessary to maximize the benefit of a cubic meter

• f water to meet the needs of different sectors.
• the treated water is a renewable source.
• The increasing demand for drinking water make the

development of water resources to meet the needs

• f different sectors is imperative.
• Scarcity of water resources - agriculture occupies

the most important consumer of water, it is necessary to maximize the benefit of a cubic meter

• f water to meet the needs of different sectors.
• the treated water is a renewable source.
• The increasing demand for drinking water make the

development of water resources to meet the needs

• f different sectors is imperative.

Justification for the use of treated water

• Contribute to addressing climate change, make the

growing problem of water shortages in different parts of the world was carried out inevitably did not take those responsible for the provision of water lead to enact mandatory legislation to resort to solutions to deal with this problem. It is these solutions that have proved effective re-use of waste water after treatment.

• Contribute to addressing climate change, make the

growing problem of water shortages in different parts of the world was carried out inevitably did not take those responsible for the provision of water lead to enact mandatory legislation to resort to solutions to deal with this problem. It is these solutions that have proved effective re-use of waste water after treatment.

Re-use of treated water offers a solution to the gap existing in the water for the following reasons:

• 1. Treated water a permanent source.
• 2. Use in agriculture fills a greater need water-

consuming sectors.

• 3. It’s Quality permit use for unrestricted irrigation

purposes in accordance with the guidlines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Re-use of treated water offers a solution to the gap existing in the water for the following reasons:

• 1. Treated water a permanent source.
• 2. Use in agriculture fills a greater need water-

consuming sectors.

• 3. It’s Quality permit use for unrestricted irrigation

purposes in accordance with the guidlines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Re-use of treated water offers a solution to the gap existing in the water for the following reasons:

• 1. Treated water a permanent source.
• 2. Use in agriculture fills a greater need water-

consuming sectors.

• 3. It’s Quality permit use for unrestricted irrigation

purposes in accordance with the guidlines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Re-use of treated water offers a solution to the gap existing in the water for the following reasons:

• 1. Treated water a permanent source.
• 2. Use in agriculture fills a greater need water-

consuming sectors.

• 3. It’s Quality permit use for unrestricted irrigation

purposes in accordance with the guidlines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

• The use of treated water in agriculture to achieve the

conditions of wastewater disposal as it helps to protect the environment and public health

• Treated water is a source of some nutrients for

plants, this would save the cost of fertilizer to farmers.

• Use of treated water to fill some of the needs of the

sector agriculture would reduce the burden of demand for fresh water and thus provide quantities

• f this water for drinking purposes, which occupies

strategic priority in the water. According to the majority of water resources experts that the re-use of waste water is a strategic investment with economic and environmental dimensions, social and political in the long term, and are part of the integrated management of water resources

• Treated water is a source of some nutrients for

plants, this would save the cost of fertilizer to farmers.

• Use of treated water to fill some of the needs of the

sector agriculture would reduce the burden of demand for fresh water and thus provide quantities

• f this water for drinking purposes, which occupies

strategic priority in the water. According to the majority of water resources experts that the re-use of waste water is a strategic investment with economic and environmental dimensions, social and political in the long term, and are part of the integrated management of water resources

• With the increase the effect of climate change and

desertification and drought phenomena in many regions of the world resort to drain underground water sources at very high rates, it is imperative to accelerate the adoption of the application re-use of treated water.

• In 1992, issued (Dublin Statement / Ireland)

International Conference on Water and the Environment, has appealed that statement all countries, especially those that suffer from receding in the water to commit to major investments and attractive, and campaigns to raise public awareness, and legislation to implement the technology re-use of treated water at maintaining freshwater resources.

• With the increase the effect of climate change and

desertification and drought phenomena in many regions of the world resort to drain underground water sources at very high rates, it is imperative to accelerate the adoption of the application re-use of treated water.

• In 1992, issued (Dublin Statement / Ireland)

International Conference on Water and the Environment, has appealed that statement all countries, especially those that suffer from receding in the water to commit to major investments and attractive, and campaigns to raise public awareness, and legislation to implement the technology re-use of treated water at maintaining freshwater resources.

The conference recommended the action at the local, national and international basis to two guiding principles:

• Fresh water is a finite resource and is at risk,

which is necessary to sustain life, development and the environment.

• Water has an economic value in all its uses, and

should be recognized as an economic good. The conference recommended the action at the local, national and international basis to two guiding principles:

• Fresh water is a finite resource and is at risk,

which is necessary to sustain life, development and the environment.

• Water has an economic value in all its uses, and

should be recognized as an economic good.

Options use of treated wastewater

• Irrigate various crops such as grains, vegetables, fruit

trees, forage, pasture, nurseries, landscaping, roadside trees, gardens and courtyards of schools, golf courses, cemeteries and timber production.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0551E/t0551e07.htm#5.%20irrigation%20with%20wastewater

• Recharge underground and create barriers to prevent

saltwater intrusion (sea) to renewing aquifers to reduce and stop the decline in groundwater levels, and control

• r prevention of sinkholes.

.htm 06 e 0551 E/t 0551 http://www.fao.org/docrep/T

• Irrigate various crops such as grains, vegetables, fruit

trees, forage, pasture, nurseries, landscaping, roadside trees, gardens and courtyards of schools, golf courses, cemeteries and timber production.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0551E/t0551e07.htm#5.%20irrigation%20with%20wastewater

• Recharge underground and create barriers to prevent

saltwater intrusion (sea) to renewing aquifers to reduce and stop the decline in groundwater levels, and control

• r prevention of sinkholes.

.htm 06 e 0551 E/t 0551 http://www.fao.org/docrep/T

Options use of treated wastewater

• Industry: many industries re-use water in the cooling

process and boilers, water recycling within industrial facilities is usually an integral part of the plant. Types and methods in the recycling plant is very specific and adapted to the production process, especially in cooling, irrigate trees and landscaping.

http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/water/ queensland_water_recycling_guidelines

• And others such as firefighting and air condition

desert.

http://www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/pubs/625r04108/625r04108ch ap2.pdf

• Industry: many industries re-use water in the cooling

process and boilers, water recycling within industrial facilities is usually an integral part of the plant. Types and methods in the recycling plant is very specific and adapted to the production process, especially in cooling, irrigate trees and landscaping.

http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/water/ queensland_water_recycling_guidelines

• And others such as firefighting and air condition

desert.

http://www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/pubs/625r04108/625r04108ch ap2.pdf

Options use of treated wastewater

• Construction of roads and construction work -

provided that fit to the technical specifications

• f the water for these purposes.

Social acceptance and systems for crop

• ptions and other agricultural

considerations are strongly influence by decisions makers on re-use of water.

• Construction of roads and construction work -

provided that fit to the technical specifications

• f the water for these purposes.

Social acceptance and systems for crop

• ptions and other agricultural

considerations are strongly influence by decisions makers on re-use of water.

Contents of treated water

Nutrients Salts / nutrients Salts Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol

Nitrate NO3 Sulphate SO4 Chlorides Cl Ammonia NH4 Potash K Carbonates CO3 Phosphate PO4 Calcium Ca Bicarbonates HCO3 Zinc Zn Magnesium Mg Sodium Na Ferrous Fe Boron B Trace elements Manganese Mn

Contents of treated water

 

             

Periodic lab tests proved that TWW contain ample amount of nutrients which is necessary for the growth of crops, including major elements: nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, its contribution reaches more than 40% of the total nutrients needs of the crop. these quantities should consider in the developing fertilization program for any crop.

Contents of treated water

• Treated water contains a quantity of salts, farms has to

follow ways to manage in order to avoid the accumulation of these salts in the soil.

• Salts accumulation in the soil causes low productivity,

and especially in the case of cultivated crops that show high sensitivity to salinity.

• The quality and quantity of salts in the water

determines the chemical characteristics of water treatment and the most important of salinity, pH, water hardness and alkalinity.

• Treated water contains a quantity of salts, farms has to

follow ways to manage in order to avoid the accumulation of these salts in the soil.

• Salts accumulation in the soil causes low productivity,

and especially in the case of cultivated crops that show high sensitivity to salinity.

• The quality and quantity of salts in the water

determines the chemical characteristics of water treatment and the most important of salinity, pH, water hardness and alkalinity.

The impact of irrigation using treated water

 

salts     nutrients   heavy metals   biological contamination

 

Human Health 

Crops     soil   groundwater

The impact of irrigation using treated water

 

salts     nutrients   heavy metals   biological contamination

 

Human Health 

Crops     soil   groundwater

اﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟا هﺎﯿﻤﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺤﺼﻟا ﻲﺣاﻮﻨﻟ

• Treated water contains some pathogens because it is primarily
• wastewater. World Health Organization (WHO) has put

standards regarding strict conditions for the use of this water in agriculture to meet the health goals of the people; both for people who are working in agriculture or for consumers.

• From here we can say that prejudge the quality of agricultural

products produced using treated water and the safety just by looking at the quality of this water could lead to the wrong

• conclusions. To be precise rule must be adopted World Health

Organization (WHO) specifications for safe agricultural product in health to determine whether agricultural products are safe or not.

• Treated water contains some pathogens because it is primarily
• wastewater. World Health Organization (WHO) has put

standards regarding strict conditions for the use of this water in agriculture to meet the health goals of the people; both for people who are working in agriculture or for consumers.

• From here we can say that prejudge the quality of agricultural

products produced using treated water and the safety just by looking at the quality of this water could lead to the wrong

• conclusions. To be precise rule must be adopted World Health

Organization (WHO) specifications for safe agricultural product in health to determine whether agricultural products are safe or not.

• World Health Organization adopted

Escherichia coli as an indicator of contamination agricultural products bearing limits acceptable to the numbers of these bacteria fall then the occurrence of disease for humans.

• These limits Built on studies and health .
• World Health Organization adopted

Escherichia coli as an indicator of contamination agricultural products bearing limits acceptable to the numbers of these bacteria fall then the occurrence of disease for humans.

• These limits Built on studies and health .

World Health Organization (WHO) Health standard

WHO Standard confirmed that the need for 6 – 7 logarithmic reduction units of the level of bacterial contamination, the same standard used for drinking water to healthy safe limits. The level of contamination in the untreated wastewater ranged between 107-109 (E-coli / 100 mm) WHO Standard confirmed that the need for 6 – 7 logarithmic reduction units of the level of bacterial contamination, the same standard used for drinking water to healthy safe limits. The level of contamination in the untreated wastewater ranged between 107-109 (E-coli / 100 mm)

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

• Each case must be examined separately and

study effective bacterial reduction barriers that allow to comfortably full use of treated wastewater in agriculture and in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO):

• 1. Barriers before farms.
• 2. Barriers in the farm.
• 3. Barriers beyond the farm until it reaches the

consumer.

• Each case must be examined separately and

study effective bacterial reduction barriers that allow to comfortably full use of treated wastewater in agriculture and in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO):

• 1. Barriers before farms.
• 2. Barriers in the farm.
• 3. Barriers beyond the farm until it reaches the

consumer.

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

• Treated Wastewater Treatment Plants

2 - 6 logarithmic reduction unit (According effectiveness)

• Treated Wastewater Treatment Plants

2 - 6 logarithmic reduction unit (According effectiveness)

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

store water in dams (duration of storage)

1 - 2 logarithmic reduction unit

store water in dams (duration of storage)

1 - 2 logarithmic reduction unit

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

Irrigation Storage Ponds

2 logarithmic reduction unit

Sand Filters

1 – 3 logarithmic reduction unit

Irrigation Storage Ponds

2 logarithmic reduction unit

Sand Filters

1 – 3 logarithmic reduction unit

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

Drip Irrigation System

2 Logarithmic reduction unit/ Low-growth crops 4 Logarithmic reduction unit/High-growth crops

Drip Irrigation System

2 Logarithmic reduction unit/ Low-growth crops 4 Logarithmic reduction unit/High-growth crops

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

Mulching

) with drip irrigation ( 4 logarithmic reduction unit

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

Natural death of pollutants

1 Logarithmic reduction unit/ Day in hot, dry and sunny weather conditions.

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

Barriers after harvest and until the consumer

Cleaning

1 Logarithmic reduction unit (washing with water) 2 Logarithmic reduction unit (Using a disinfectants during washing)

Barriers after harvest and until the consumer

Cleaning

1 Logarithmic reduction unit (washing with water) 2 Logarithmic reduction unit (Using a disinfectants during washing)

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

رﯾﺷﻘﺗﻟا

2logarithmic reduction unit

Bacterial Reduction Barriers

Cooking

6 logarithmic reduction unit

Cooking

6 logarithmic reduction unit

Crops Monitoring

To verify the fact that the effectiveness of these barriers, Crops Monitoring program must establish to monitor the quality of irrigated crops in terms of chemical and biological contaminations. To verify the fact that the effectiveness of these barriers, Crops Monitoring program must establish to monitor the quality of irrigated crops in terms of chemical and biological contaminations.

Guidance to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination for farmers and farm workers

• Do not use irrigation water for other purposes such as

cleaning clothes, swimming and bathing in pools of irrigation water .

• Wear high shoes (boots) and, wearing gloves ( hand gloves)

during the work. Switch wet clothes with TWW as soon as possible.

• Do not use treated water for spraying pesticides or foliar

fertilizers.

• Do not use of treated water in the wash of the crop
• Do not throw pesticide cans and food scraps in irrigation

water pools.

• Do not use irrigation water for other purposes such as

cleaning clothes, swimming and bathing in pools of irrigation water .

• Wear high shoes (boots) and, wearing gloves ( hand gloves)

during the work. Switch wet clothes with TWW as soon as possible.

• Do not use treated water for spraying pesticides or foliar

fertilizers.

• Do not use of treated water in the wash of the crop
• Do not throw pesticide cans and food scraps in irrigation

water pools.

Guidance to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination for farmers and farm workers

• Refrain from eating, drinking and smoking

while conducting activities related to irrigation pipe maintenance and add fertilizers

• Do washing parts of the body that had

previously touched irrigation water before eating or drinking.

• Refrain from eating, drinking and smoking

while conducting activities related to irrigation pipe maintenance and add fertilizers

• Do washing parts of the body that had

previously touched irrigation water before eating or drinking.

local Community next to the irrigation canals

• Prevents swimming in irrigation canals or

collection pools, this practice is the most important risk of treated water on the health of residents of the local community.

• Not to throw any waste in irrigation canals, dead

animal carcasses, motor oil containers and cans

• f pesticides, such practices will restore and

increase pollution of irrigation water.

• Not to graze cattle near irrigation canals

collection pools, the feces of the animals would increase the pollution of irrigation water.

• Prevents swimming in irrigation canals or

collection pools, this practice is the most important risk of treated water on the health of residents of the local community.

• Not to throw any waste in irrigation canals, dead

animal carcasses, motor oil containers and cans

• f pesticides, such practices will restore and

increase pollution of irrigation water.

• Not to graze cattle near irrigation canals

collection pools, the feces of the animals would increase the pollution of irrigation water.

Providing irrigation water workers

• Refrain from drinking and eating during

maintenance and distribution of irrigation water.

• Switch wet clothes with TWW as soon as

possible.

• Wear high shoes (boots) and wearing gloves

(gloves hand) during the work.

• Washing parts of the body that touched irrigation

water immediately after the completion of the work.

• Refrain from drinking and eating during

maintenance and distribution of irrigation water.

• Switch wet clothes with TWW as soon as

possible.

• Wear high shoes (boots) and wearing gloves

(gloves hand) during the work.

• Washing parts of the body that touched irrigation

water immediately after the completion of the work.

Visitors and hikers coming to the vicinity of irrigation canals

• Stay away from irrigation canals and irrigation

water pools , especially during hiking trips, school trips.

• Avoid contact with irrigation water, whether

the aim of washing or swimming.

• Avoid throwing waste in irrigation canals.
• Stay away from irrigation canals and irrigation

water pools , especially during hiking trips, school trips.

• Avoid contact with irrigation water, whether

the aim of washing or swimming.

• Avoid throwing waste in irrigation canals.

consumers

• levels of risk resulting from bacterial contamination is

varying (if any) of crops, if any, it depending on the type of product and how it is consumed. This requires the consumer to do the procedures to get rid of this danger before it is addressed and which are:

• Do a good and a comprehensive wash the fresh

vegetables that are eaten, whether leaves or fruits or vegetables radical.

• It is preferred to use sterilizers during the washing

process.

• Do peel root crops that are eaten raw, such as carrots,

radishes and green onions.

• levels of risk resulting from bacterial contamination is

varying (if any) of crops, if any, it depending on the type of product and how it is consumed. This requires the consumer to do the procedures to get rid of this danger before it is addressed and which are:

• Do a good and a comprehensive wash the fresh

vegetables that are eaten, whether leaves or fruits or vegetables radical.

• It is preferred to use sterilizers during the washing

process.

• Do peel root crops that are eaten raw, such as carrots,

radishes and green onions.

Jordanian Irrigation water quality guidelines - Parameters’ impact

pH value

Water with pH 6.0 to 9.0 has generally no significant negative impact on plants or soils. The main pH impact is on nutrient availability for plants and in addition on irrigation equipment, which could corrode, or which may develop a scale or precipitation of carbonates. Lower pH values could influence plant growth positively, since most soils in Jordan are alkaline.

Salinity

Salt concentration and composition of irrigation water are the main factors determining the suitability of crops together with other factors like soil and

• climate. The different types of plants can only tolerate a certain salt content of

irrigation water, expressed generally in Electrical Conductivity units (dS/m). Plants are classified into four categories: sensitive, salt moderately sensitive, salt tolerant plants and salt highly tolerant plants. Annex A shows crop tolerance and yield potentials of selected crops as influenced by irrigation water salinity.

pH value

Water with pH 6.0 to 9.0 has generally no significant negative impact on plants or soils. The main pH impact is on nutrient availability for plants and in addition on irrigation equipment, which could corrode, or which may develop a scale or precipitation of carbonates. Lower pH values could influence plant growth positively, since most soils in Jordan are alkaline.

Salinity

Salt concentration and composition of irrigation water are the main factors determining the suitability of crops together with other factors like soil and

• climate. The different types of plants can only tolerate a certain salt content of

irrigation water, expressed generally in Electrical Conductivity units (dS/m). Plants are classified into four categories: sensitive, salt moderately sensitive, salt tolerant plants and salt highly tolerant plants. Annex A shows crop tolerance and yield potentials of selected crops as influenced by irrigation water salinity.

Salinity .... 

• Salt sensitive: EC < 1.7 dS/m

e.g. citrus, carrots, strawberry, onion.

• Salt moderately sensitive : EC between 1.7 and 3.0 dS/m

e.g. olive, pepper, cucumber, cauliflower, lettuce, watermelon, cabbage, grapes.

• Salt tolerant: EC between 3.0 and 7.0 dS/m

e.g. asparagus, date palm, barley, wheat.

• Salt highly tolerant: EC ≥ 7.5 dS/m

e.g. trees (tamarisk, cinchona, casuarina, acacia).

• Salt sensitive: EC < 1.7 dS/m

e.g. citrus, carrots, strawberry, onion.

• Salt moderately sensitive : EC between 1.7 and 3.0 dS/m

e.g. olive, pepper, cucumber, cauliflower, lettuce, watermelon, cabbage, grapes.

• Salt tolerant: EC between 3.0 and 7.0 dS/m

e.g. asparagus, date palm, barley, wheat.

• Salt highly tolerant: EC ≥ 7.5 dS/m

e.g. trees (tamarisk, cinchona, casuarina, acacia).

Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

• As physical parameters, Turbidity and TSS may reduce soil surface

permeability or may cause clogging of micro irrigation systems if filtration does not exist or regular maintenance doesn’t applied. Suspension and turbidity are caused by fine soil and rock particles, remains of organic matter and iron oxides, bicarbonate particles and others. Biochemical/Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5, COD)

• Oxygen is necessary for plant growth and it should be present in the

root zone, otherwise plants will suffer. However, anaerobic situations would occur only, if irrigation water contained high

• rganic matter concentrations and very low Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

contents at the same time. When soils remain 100% saturated with that water for long periods of time, it allows developing the described negative anaerobic conditions in the root zone and its surroundings.

• Values of up to 60 mg/l for BOD5 and up to 120 mg/l for COD

cannot be considered as harmful to plants or soils. Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

• As physical parameters, Turbidity and TSS may reduce soil surface

permeability or may cause clogging of micro irrigation systems if filtration does not exist or regular maintenance doesn’t applied. Suspension and turbidity are caused by fine soil and rock particles, remains of organic matter and iron oxides, bicarbonate particles and others. Biochemical/Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5, COD)

• Oxygen is necessary for plant growth and it should be present in the

root zone, otherwise plants will suffer. However, anaerobic situations would occur only, if irrigation water contained high

• rganic matter concentrations and very low Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

contents at the same time. When soils remain 100% saturated with that water for long periods of time, it allows developing the described negative anaerobic conditions in the root zone and its surroundings.

• Values of up to 60 mg/l for BOD5 and up to 120 mg/l for COD

cannot be considered as harmful to plants or soils.

Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg)

• The action of Ca and Mg on soils and plants is directly connected to

the pH value and concentration of Na as explained below (see SAR, Na and Cl).

• Ca concentration of less than 400 mg/l and Mg concentration of less

than 150 mg/l in irrigation water is recommended. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)

• When the SAR value is less than 6, no problems are to be expected

for soils or plants. SAR of 6 - 9 may cause some problems to soils, such as decreasing soil

• permeability. SAR of more than 9 may cause clogging of soils. The

concentration of sodium and calcium are expressed in milliequivalents per liter (meq/l). The SAR can be used in conjunction with salinity of the applied irrigation water (ECiw) to assess potential permeability problems as shown in annex C. Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg)

• The action of Ca and Mg on soils and plants is directly connected to

the pH value and concentration of Na as explained below (see SAR, Na and Cl).

• Ca concentration of less than 400 mg/l and Mg concentration of less

than 150 mg/l in irrigation water is recommended. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)

• When the SAR value is less than 6, no problems are to be expected

for soils or plants. SAR of 6 - 9 may cause some problems to soils, such as decreasing soil

• permeability. SAR of more than 9 may cause clogging of soils. The

concentration of sodium and calcium are expressed in milliequivalents per liter (meq/l). The SAR can be used in conjunction with salinity of the applied irrigation water (ECiw) to assess potential permeability problems as shown in annex C.

Sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl)

• Generally, the effects of Na and Cl are bound to the Ca content of

the soil: the higher the Ca content, the less the negative impacts of Na and Cl. Na and Cl are the major salinity parameters in irrigation water.

• Because of the above mentioned two reasons, the Sodium

Adsorption Ratio (SAR) was developed to determine the suitability

• f water for irrigation. Excessive Na in irrigation water promotes soil

dispersion and structural breakdown. Potassium (K)

• The available potassium in irrigation water is usually used as
• fertilizer. Only at very high concentrations (> 80 mg/l) it reduces

plant uptake of Ca. Bicarbonate (HCO3)

• HCO3 in concentrations of less than 520 mg/l are not known to have

negative impacts on plants and soils. Sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl)

• Generally, the effects of Na and Cl are bound to the Ca content of

the soil: the higher the Ca content, the less the negative impacts of Na and Cl. Na and Cl are the major salinity parameters in irrigation water.

• Because of the above mentioned two reasons, the Sodium

Adsorption Ratio (SAR) was developed to determine the suitability

• f water for irrigation. Excessive Na in irrigation water promotes soil

dispersion and structural breakdown. Potassium (K)

• The available potassium in irrigation water is usually used as
• fertilizer. Only at very high concentrations (> 80 mg/l) it reduces

plant uptake of Ca. Bicarbonate (HCO3)

• HCO3 in concentrations of less than 520 mg/l are not known to have

negative impacts on plants and soils.

Nitrogen Compounds

• 1. Nitrate (NO3) and Ammonium (NH4)
• NO3and NH4 serve as a nutrient for plants, but excessive

concentrations may cause delayed maturity or poor crop

• quality. NO3 can also be reduced into gaseous nitrogen which

escapes into the atmosphere. A maximum level of 16 mg/l NO3-N or NH4-N for irrigation water is recommended.

• 2. Total Nitrogen
• Nitrogen is considered as one of the major nutrients for plant
• growth. High nitrogen concentration in irrigation water may

cause excessive vegetative growth and delay in crop maturity. Generally, total nitrogen consists of nitrate (NO3), Nitrite (NO2) ammonium (NH4) and organic nitrogen. A maximum level of 50 mg/l as total nitrogen for irrigation water is recommended. Nitrogen Compounds

• 1. Nitrate (NO3) and Ammonium (NH4)
• NO3and NH4 serve as a nutrient for plants, but excessive

concentrations may cause delayed maturity or poor crop

• quality. NO3 can also be reduced into gaseous nitrogen which

escapes into the atmosphere. A maximum level of 16 mg/l NO3-N or NH4-N for irrigation water is recommended.

• 2. Total Nitrogen
• Nitrogen is considered as one of the major nutrients for plant
• growth. High nitrogen concentration in irrigation water may

cause excessive vegetative growth and delay in crop maturity. Generally, total nitrogen consists of nitrate (NO3), Nitrite (NO2) ammonium (NH4) and organic nitrogen. A maximum level of 50 mg/l as total nitrogen for irrigation water is recommended.

Sulfate (SO4) In natural water, SO4 is not known to cause any harm to plants, because it is generally of low solubility and it precipitates in soils. Generally, concentrations in irrigation water may go up to 960 mg/l without major effects on plants or soils.

• In case of using sprinkler irrigation, gypsum crystals will precipitate on

leaves and fruits, if SO4concentration exceeds 300 mg/l, it may cause damage to leaves and fruits. Phosphorous (P)

• P is an essential element for plant growth. It is not known that the total P

concentration in irrigation water can cause any adverse effects on plants and soils. PO4can be absorbed by plant or fixed in the soil horizons in the presence of Fe, Al and Ca. Boron (B)

• B is an essential micro-nutrient for plant growth, but excessive

concentration of Boron in irrigation water will adversely affect the plant. Plants are classified into 4 categories according to their sensitivity of boron in irrigation water. Examples for plants being relevant in Jordan are: Sulfate (SO4) In natural water, SO4 is not known to cause any harm to plants, because it is generally of low solubility and it precipitates in soils. Generally, concentrations in irrigation water may go up to 960 mg/l without major effects on plants or soils.

• In case of using sprinkler irrigation, gypsum crystals will precipitate on

leaves and fruits, if SO4concentration exceeds 300 mg/l, it may cause damage to leaves and fruits. Phosphorous (P)

• P is an essential element for plant growth. It is not known that the total P

concentration in irrigation water can cause any adverse effects on plants and soils. PO4can be absorbed by plant or fixed in the soil horizons in the presence of Fe, Al and Ca. Boron (B)

• B is an essential micro-nutrient for plant growth, but excessive

concentration of Boron in irrigation water will adversely affect the plant. Plants are classified into 4 categories according to their sensitivity of boron in irrigation water. Examples for plants being relevant in Jordan are:

Boron sensitive 0 – 0.7 mg /l e.g. lemon, wheat, strawberry, Peach, Grape, onion. Boron moderately sensitive 0.7 – 1.5 mg /l e.g. pepper, carrot, potato, cucumber Boron moderately tolerant 1.5 – 3 mg /l e.g. lettuce, cabbage, Corn, Celery, squash, Watermelon, Born tolerant 3 – 6 mg /l e.g. alfalfa, parsley, tomato, asparagus Boron sensitive 0 – 0.7 mg /l e.g. lemon, wheat, strawberry, Peach, Grape, onion. Boron moderately sensitive 0.7 – 1.5 mg /l e.g. pepper, carrot, potato, cucumber Boron moderately tolerant 1.5 – 3 mg /l e.g. lettuce, cabbage, Corn, Celery, squash, Watermelon, Born tolerant 3 – 6 mg /l e.g. alfalfa, parsley, tomato, asparagus

Jordanian Irrigation water quality guidelines

Parameter Unit Limit Value Parameter Unit Limit Value

pH

6 - 9

NH4-N

mg/l

< 16

EC T-N

mg/l

< 50

• Salt sensitive

dS/m

< 1.7

SO4

mg/l

< 960

• medium salt

tolerant B

• medium salt

tolerant

dS/m

1.7 - 3

B

• Salt tolerant

dS/m

3 - 7.5

• Boron

sensitive

mg/l

0 - 0.7

• highly salt

tolerant

dS/m

> 7.5

• Boron

moderately sensitive

mg/l

0.7 - 1.5

TSS

mg/l

< 50

• Boron

Moderately tolerant

mg/l

1.5 - 3

BOD5

mg/l

< 60

• Boron

tolerant

mg/l

3 - 6

Jordanian Irrigation water quality guidelines

Parameter Unit Limit Value Parameter Unit Limit Value Mg

mg/l

< 150

Zn

mg/l

< 2

SAR

6 - 9

Cu

mg/l

< 1

K

mg/l

< 80

E.coli

MPN/ 100 ml

1000/100 ml

HCO3

mg/l

< 520

Intestinal nematodes

Eggs/ liter

≤ 1

NO3-N

mg/l

< 16

COD

mg/l

< 120

Fe

mg/l

< 1

Ca

mg/l

< 400

Mn

mg/l

< 2

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