Restless earth Geology What do you already know about Glue in - PDF document

30/11/2016 What do you already know? Restless earth Geology What do you already know about… Glue in learning objectives for this unit • The structure of the earth • Convection currents • Continental drift • The tectonic plates New Zealand sits on • Landforms made by the movement of tectonic plates • The structure of a volcano • What causes earthquakes? • What types of waves can earthquakes have • How are earthquakes measured? The structure of the earth (Scipad pg Research mission 205) • By the end of this lesson you must – create an A4 poster answering the questions on your sheet + hand in. 1

30/11/2016 How does this unit fit together? The earth’s crust consists of large tectonic plates Earth’s Crust • Plate tectonics • Tectonic plates continually move. Plate boundaries are where tectonic plates meet. Volcanoes and earthquakes are associated with boundaries. • Volcanoes Earthquakes • The rock cycle is an ongoing cycle occurring where-ever rocks are found. • Rock Cycle 10KE Experiences: Tell me about the • Felt in Waikouaiti • Animals notices? Maybe? earthquake? • Not a big deal in Otago? • Went for a long time • 2mwaves • tsunami warning • evacuations What do you do? 2

30/11/2016 How did you know what’s going on? How do you know what’s going on? • Radio • Civil defence website • Geo net • Friends and neighbours – look after people! • Social media – facebook, twitter • Evacuation sirens and first responders https://mobile.twitter.com/NZcivildefence ?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5E serp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor News websites • https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2016/nov/14/new- zealand-earthquake-evacuations-tsnuami-east-coast-south- north-islands?CMP=fb_gu 3

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30/11/2016 What can you do? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQTfF CMYEI4 5

30/11/2016 Find your mission at: • www.misswelvaert.wordpress.com Why does New Zealand get earthquakes? How does this unit fit together? Plate tectonics The earth’s crust consists of large tectonic plates • Explain convection currents Earth’s Crust • • Explain the concept of Continental drift and give evidence • Plate tectonics of it Tectonic plates continually move. Plate boundaries are where tectonic • Identify the two tectonic plates NZ sits on plates meet. Volcanoes and earthquakes are associated with boundaries. Volcanoes • • Earthquakes The rock cycle is an ongoing cycle occurring where-ever rocks are found. Rock Cycle • 6

30/11/2016 Copy Definitions + draw a diagram: Earthquakes Epicentre • The epicentre of an earthquake is the point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus. Focus • The focus of an earthquake is where the earthquake originates Magnitude • The magnitude is a way of measuring the size of an earthquake. The Richter scale measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake. vid Do page 206 in your scipad 7

30/11/2016 Copy Definitions + draw examples: Plate boundaries Subduction zone Where two tectonic plates meet and one bends and slides underneath the other, curving down into the mantle. Eg – the Australian plate is subducted under the pacific plate in the south island of New Zealand. Divergent A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Magma — molten rock — rises from the mantle to fill this space. Transforming At transforming plate boundaries the tectonic plates slide past each other. This is happening along the southern alps of New Zealand. Convection currents a current in a fluid that results from convection. "the Pacific Plate is floating, propelled by convection currents deep in the mantle" Do page 207 + Practical • Finished? • Do page 208 What are convection currents? Plate tectonics continued… • Explain convection currents • Explain the concept of Continental drift and give evidence of it • Identify the two tectonic plates NZ sits on 8

30/11/2016 What are convection currents? Finish scipad pages – up to pg 209 The last of plate tectonics • Break up Pangea activity • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6Nyr78Mqyg • Finished? Check out the tectonic puzzle – time yourself – who has the fastest time? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELd3ebldSTs Making mantle Can we…? • Add cornflour to container • Explain convection currents • Add a few drops of food colouring • Explain the concept of Continental drift and give evidence of it • Slowly add water until the consistency is nearly firm • Identify the two tectonic plates NZ sits on • • The substance should feel hard when pressed upon, but run like honey when tipped 9

30/11/2016 Earthquake waves Ways of measuring earthquakes • The Richter Scale • The modified Mercalli scale 10

30/11/2016 Science Exam Volcanoes! http://nzhistory.govt.nz/ eruption-of-mt-tarawera 11

30/11/2016 The Tarawera volcano • Dome volcano within an active caldera • Central north island volcanic field • What are the tectonic plates doing there? Our Volcanic Zone Your mission – in your book • Caused by the subduction of the pacific • Title: The Tarawera eruption plate under the Australian plate • The earths crust is stretched and Write in your own words what happened at Tarawera thinned throughout the central north • What happened? island. • Who was effected? • How far away did people know about it? You can make a timeline/ list of bullet points or write in sentences. Types and parts of volcanoes 12

30/11/2016 What types of volcanos are there? Describe them What types of volcanos are there? …………………….. volcanoes We are going to get to know 3 main types • These form when a series of eruptions in • Cone volcanoes one place + sticky lava • Volcanic fields build a cone shape above the vent. • Caldera volcanoes • Examples of these are …………….. • If the lava was more liquid the shape formed would be a ……………. Volcanic …………………. ……………….. Volcanoes • These are created where • These have a history of infrequent small eruptions occur over a but large eruptions. wide geographic area, and • These eruptions create super are spaced over long periods of time (thousands of years). craters 10-25 km across, and drop masses of ash and pumice. • Each eruption builds a new single new volcano, which • Examples of these are Taupo and does not erupt again. Okatania • For example: Auckland and Northland. 13

30/11/2016 The pacific ring of fire • Glue in map of the plates • Watch video • Write a fact you learned when we pause the video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJS7hGMr0Ws LI - Define the pacific ring of fire and why it occurs Have we achieved our objectives? • Define the pacific ring of fire and why it occurs. • Describe types of volcano and their shape. • Describe the structure of volcanoes. • Explain why we have gentle and explosive eruptions. Pick a path – rocks or geological time? Rocks 14

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30/11/2016 Hoodoos at Ah-Shi-Sle-Pah Wilderness Area are unique rock formations in north-western part of New of about 26 sq kms and this has been declared protected area as a large number of fossils have been Metamorphic Sedimentary rocks: • Sedimentary rocks are formed from accumulated sediment • Metamorphosis – butterflies at the bottom of lakes, streams and oceans. • Formed by pressure and heat acting over a long time • Sediments can have all kind of things in them including parts • Usually hard of other rocks and organic material. • Often show foliation – leaf like structures like the pages of • Sedimentary rocks are the ones fossils form in. a book, or folding • You can often see layers in sedimentary rocks. • Eg marble, schist • The sediment may be well compacted together, or crumbly and ‘soft’ • Could you find sedimentary rocks at the top of a mountain? 17

30/11/2016 Igneous The rock cycle • Igneous - "ignis" fire – Plutonic and volcanic Page 218-219 • Forms when molten rock (magma or lava) cools. • Granite – cool slowly - has big crystals In your scipad The rest of the Science Today • Fossils The beginning of the end Tuesday • Fossils • Revision Wednesday • Revision Friday • Test – with a cheat sheet Some key words to investigate Make your own fossil Tectonic plates 1. Choose something to fossilise – find a leaf or make a • Continental drift • creature. • Subduction zones Convection currents 2. Label your “lake” • Collision zones • Transform faults 3. Build up layers of sediment in your lake and trap your • Pacific ring of fire • critter between some layers (I recommend one layer is • Seismic wave plaster). Epicentre • Focus • 4. Leave your rock to solidify Richter scale • • Mercalli scale • Magnitude Eruption • Pyroclastic flow • 18

30/11/2016 What kind of rock are fossils found in? Fantastic fossils A whirlwind tour What is a fossil and how are they Some famous fossils formed? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rkGu0BItKM Megalodon 19

30/11/2016 Archaeopteryx Lucy Make your own fossil Extracting fossils 1. Choose something to fossilise – find a leaf or make a creature. 2. Label your “lake” 3. Build up layers of sediment in your lake and trap your critter between some layers (I recommend one layer is plaster). 4. Leave your rock to solidify 20