Research Topic Groundwater flows system at Cu Lao Dung Island, Soc - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Research Topic

Groundwater flows system at Cu Lao Dung Island, Soc Trang Province, Vietnam

Student: Tran Dang An, M2

JDS International Seminar 2013

Supervisor: Prof. Tsujimura

Contents 1. Background 2. Objectives 3. Study Area 4. Methodologies 5. Results and Discussion 6. Conclusions 7. Future works

East Sea

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Introduction: Mekong Delta (MD)

Mekong river Basin: The biggest river and the richest biodiversities in the world (WWF, 2012). Mekong Delta:

• Very important role for food security,

accounting for over 50% national food production of Vietnam (Anh et al., 2010)

• Many issues due to hydropower plants
• Many issues due to hydropower plants

(Tyson R. Roberts, 2000; R. Edward Grumbine et. at, 2011; Jennifer Sills, 2012; Claudia Kuenzer et. Al, 2012). 1.Social issues: Serious impacts on livelihoods (18 mil.) 2.Environmental issues: Lost biodiversities; water contaminations, seawater intrusion => Water scarcity

East Sea

Mekong Delta

Fig.1.1 Mekong Basin Hydropower plant s (R. Edward Grumbine et. al, 2011)

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Introduction: Current problems in MD

• 1. Surface water and soil pollution:
• POPs: DDT, PCBs affected seriously on Mekong river

and its aquatic environments (Carvalho et al., 2008; Ikemoto et al., 2008; Minh et al., 2007; Sudaryanto et al., 2011; Toan et al., 2013)

• Heavy mental and chemical fertilized: Pb, Mo, Rb
• Heavy mental and chemical fertilized: Pb, Mo, Rb

and As influenced seriously on aquatic environment, particularly fish production (Yamaguchi et al., 2007). Chemical fertilizers also discharged into agricultural soil, river water and sediments (Toan et al., 2013).

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Introduction: Previous researchs

• 2. Groundwater contamination:
• Urban areas: Holocene aquifer is heavily polluted with

microbial and inorganic pollutants and considered unfit for drinking water purposes (Tuan, 2004; Danh, 2008).

• Arsenic pollution causing severe health problems (S.

Fendorf et al.,2010; Erban et.al, 2013). Fendorf et al.,2010; Erban et.al, 2013).

• 3. Seawater intrusion:
• Serious issues in Mekong delta (Ho et al., 1991;

Buschmann et al., 2007).

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River water Sea water

Ho et al (1991)

The questions :

Objectives

Severe pollution Serious seawater intrusion

Chemical pollution Arsenic contamination Over groundwater exploitation （Inappropriate management ）

Shallow Groundwater

? It is necessary to know Groundwater flow system in coastal aquifers (Hydro-geochemical processes)

Deep Groundwater

?

To answer :

（Inappropriate management ） Seawater intrusion

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Study site: Cu Lao Dung Island

Groundwater 80%

Fig.4. Location of Water Samples in CLD Island

80%

Private Wells (80-140m)

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Study site: Soc Trang province

Groundwater: 54 samples River and canal water : 19 samples

Fig.5.4. Samples locations of water samples at Soc Trang Province, Vietnam

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Methodology

Approaches Field survey Lab Analysis

Na, K, Mg, Ca,SiO2 Cl, HCO3, NO3, SO4 GWL, DO, ORP, T0C EC (Salinity)

I N T

Cl, HCO3, NO3, SO4 Mixing processes Ion exchanges Stable Isotopes: (δO18 and δD) Original water Recharged areas EC (Salinity) Water Flow path Seawater effects Taking water samples

Groundwater flow system, Interaction process

T E R P R E T

54 Groundwater 19 River water

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Results and Discussion

Water types and relationship among water sources

I II IV

Legend I - Calcium Magnesium Sulphate Chloride; II –Sodium Chloride Sulphate III–Sodium Bicarbonate; IV –Calcium Magnesium Bicarbonate A–Mixed Zone; B –Magnesium; C –Sodium Potassium; D –Calcium E–Mixed Zone; F –Sulphate; G –Chloride; H -Bicarbonate

G2: Mixing with saline water T10 MX5 T16 GW1.19 A D B C E H F G III G4: Mixed water? G1: Freshwater Hot water G2: Mixing with saline water G3 Freshening aquifer ?

Fig.5.1. Piper diagram of water samples at Soc Trang Province, August . 2013.

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Result and Discussion

T7-S T8-S T9-S T11-S T12-S

1.0 10.0 100.0

Dissolution of Dolomite

a/Mg(mmol/

Effects of Silicate Mineral (Hot rocks dissolution)

Ca2+/ Mg2+> 2 Ca2+/ Mg2+ =1

MX5

T10, CAI >0 T16

Seawater intrusion?

T0C > 400C, EC > 1500 µS/cm

0.0 0.1 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 GW-CLD S-GW-ST D-GW-ST RW-CLD RW-ST

Cl (mmol/L) Ca/M L)

Precipitation of Ca2+ as CaCO3

Ca2+/ Mg2+< 1 GW1.19, CAI > 0 Most of samples: CAI <0, Mg, Ca of water exchanged with Na, K of Rock S-VC1, S-VC2, CTD1, T10,GW1.19: CAI >0, Na, K of water exchanged with Mg, Ca of Rocks Seawater intrusion ?

Fig.5.2. Ratio of Ca/Mg versus Cl (mmol/L)

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Results and Discussion

T10N T9N T12N T14 T16 RW1.5 CW1.3 S-VC1 S-VC2 1.0 10.0 100.0

Groundwater at qp23 3

• +CO3

2-(mmol/L)

T8-S T9-S

>6.5: strongly affected slightly and moderately

Whether seawater intrusion occurred or not?

T14 0.0 0.1 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Groundwater at qp23 auifer in CLD Groundwater at qp23 aquifer in ST Deep groundwater at n13 aquifer in ST Groundwater at qp1 aquifer in ST River water in CLD River water in ST

Cl- (mmol/L) Cl-/HCO3

T9-S

<0.5: Not affected

GW1.19

Fig.5.3. The Cl-/HCO3- +CO32-versus Cl-

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Results and Discussion

Fig.5.4. Groundwater flow paths at Soc Trang Province, August, 2013.

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Result and Discussion

400-500m 80-130m

Seawater intrusion here?

CDT1-T9N

400-500m

Fig.5.5. Spatial distribution of Hexa diagram and δO18 of water samples at Soc Trang Province, August, 2013.

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Results and Discussion

VC1.3 T5 T12N T14 SVC1 SVC2

δD = 8δO18 + 10

• qp23CLD

r mil.) δO18 (per mil.)

MX2 RW1.5 T9N CW1.3 SMX1 CTD1

δD = 7.35δO18 + 6.11

• qp23ST

qp1ST n12n13 ST River Water CLD River water ST Linear (qp23CLD) Linear (MWL) Linear (Bangkok MWL) Linear (qp23ST)

δD (per m

Fig.5.6 .Groundwater flow paths at Soc Trang Province, August, 2013.

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Results and Discussion

Fig.5.7. Hydro-geological cross section, Soc Trang Province, Vietnam.

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Results and Discussion

Soc Trang City

Fig.5.8. Profile Hexa diagram and of water samples following depth of wells in Soc Trang, August, 2013 Cross section B-B

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Results and Discussion

Fig.5.9. Profile Hexa diagram and of water samples following depth of wells in Soc Trang, August, 2013 Cross section F-F

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Results and Discussion

GW1.19 T9N T10 T12N T14 T15 T16 SVC1 SVC2 SMX1 CDT1 5.00 4.00 3.00 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00

Cl (mg/L) SMOW

Seawater intrusion

?

Either seawater intrusion or mineral dissolution or both?

CW1.3 RW1.5 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00

GWCLD qp1ST qp23ST Deep GW ST RWCLD RWST

δO18 ‰ SM

Seawater intrusion

Rain water dilution

?

? Same recharged sources

Fig.5.10. Chloride concentration versus δO18

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Results and Discussion

T5 T12N T14 S-VC1 S-VC2

• 4.00
• 3.00
• 2.00
• 1.00

0.00

• 20.00
• 15.00
• 10.00
• 5.00

0.00 5.00 10.00

Groundwater at qp23 aquifer Cu Lao Dung Island Groundwater at qp23 aquifer , Soc Trang Groundwater at qp1 Aquifer, Soc Trang Deep groundwater at n13 aquifer, Soc Trang River water at Cu Lao Dung Island River water at Soc TrangT

CAI 1 = (Cl- - [Na+ + K+] )/ Cl- SMOW

Seawater intrusion？ ？ ？ ？ Mineral dissolution Mineral dissolution T6 T10 T12N T16 T15 RW1.5 CW1.3 S-MX1 CTD1

• 9.00
• 8.00
• 7.00
• 6.00
• 5.00
• 4.00

δO18 ‰ S

Mineral materials dilution Mineral dissolution

Fig.5.11. CAI 1 index versus δO18

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Results and Discussion

T14

• 3.00
• 2.00
• 1.00

0.00

• 20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9
• 8
• 7
• 6
• 5
• 4
• 3
• 2
• 1

1 2 3 4 5 Groundwater at qp23 aquifer in Cu Lao Dung Island Groundwater qp23 aquỉfer in Soc Trang Groundwater at qp1 Aquifer in Soc Trang Deep Groundwater at n13 aquifer in Soc Trang River water at Cu Lao Dung Island River water at Soc Trang

∆Cl = CCl sample - CCl mix (meq/L) MOW

Seawater intrusion >> Mineral dissolution Mineral dissolution >> Seawater intrusion trend

VC1.3 T5 T6 T9N T10 T12N T16 T15 RW1.5 CW1.3 CTD1

• 9.00
• 8.00
• 7.00
• 6.00
• 5.00
• 4.00

δO18 ‰ SMO

<< Mineral dissolution <<< Mineral materials dilution

Fig.5.12. Chloride concentration versus δO18

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Conclusions

1- Water types: a. Groundwater, 3 group: qp23 Aquifer: Ca-Mg(CO3)2, qp1 and n13 Aquifers: Na-HCO3, most of samples at n13 aquifer is hot water

• b. River and canal water:
• Na-Cl, Ca-Mg(CO3)2
• 2. Interaction between Surface water and Groundwater:

River water (CTD1) and Groundwater (T9N) mixing together Groundwater: some parts of ST may be affected by seawater

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Conclusions

• 3. Recharged sources:

a. Groundwater at qp1 and n13 aquifers

• Have same original water sources
• Mineral

dissolution process is dominantly occurred at deep Groundwater b. Groundwater at qp23 aquifer

• Have same original water sources
• Two hydro-geological processes:

(1) Mineral materials dissolution (2) Strongly dissolution saline soils and seawater intrusion maybe starting at groundwater sample T14 => Due to intensive pumping.

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Future work

• Data processing and interpreting
• Writing master thesis.

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