[PPT] - Renewable energy and its role in reducing carbon footprint in a PowerPoint Presentation

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Renewable energy and its role in reducing carbon footprint in a metropolitan city

Prof. Dennis Y.C. Leung

Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong

Drainage Services Department Research & Development Forum 2013 5 December, 2013

The University of Hong Kong

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Steam Engine (1763)

2

From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive http://www.blurtit.com/q172323.html

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Due to the excessive use of fossil fuels over the past century, a number of sick symptoms

ccurred on our earth nowadays

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There is an obvious trend of increasing temperature all over the world, particularly in the last century.

1. Global warming

http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/f/f4/Instrumental_Tempera ture_Record.png

http://www.skepticalscience.com/warming-co2-rise.htm

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Many obvious phenomena of climate change occurred such as shrinking of ice sheets, extreme weather, sea level rise, etc. The whole world has been threatened under the influence of global warming and climate change.

2. Climate change

From: http://scienceblogs.com/framing- science/2006/12/melting_metaphors_new_study_on.php

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Typhoon Haiyan which attacked Philippines in this November is the most powerful tropical cyclone ever recorded with maximum wind speed 315 km/h .

Source: economictimes.indiatimes.com Source: media2.s-nbcnews.com

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Climate change – need actions

By the end of this century, climate change could increase the risk of flooding on 42% of the Earth’s land surface along many of the world’s 29 major river systems – Tokyo University study June 9, 2013.

Source: http://processtrends.com/pg_global_warming.htm

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GHG emission statistics

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World CO2 emissions

kton

Source: Wikimedia Commons

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CO2 emissions (absolute)

Germany Japan Russia India United states China

untry

Source: 2010 CO2 emission from Wikipedia

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Singapore Hong Kong Australia U.K. Canada Germany Cou CO2 emission (billion ton)

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CO2 emissions per capita

Japan Germany Russia Canada Australia U.S.A. untry

Source: 2010 CO2 emission from Wikipedia

5 10 15 20 India Hong Kong China Singapore U.K. Japan Cou Ton CO2/year/person

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Key milestones for GHG emission reduction by UNFCCC

Year Milestone 1990 2nd World Climate Conference: Climate change was recognised as a common concern for mankind. 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC 聯合國氣候變化綱要公約

聯合國氣候變化綱要公約聯合國氣候變化綱要公約聯合國氣候變化綱要公約):

Mechanisms were proposed for nations to reduce GHG emissions to reach set targets. 1995 1st Conference of the Parties (COP1 締約國大會

締約國大會締約國大會締約國大會):

It was concluded that a protocol is needed to reduce GHG emissions. 1997 3rd Conference of the Parties (COP3): The Kyoto Protocol was adopted with reduction targets. 2005 11th Conference of the Parties/1st Meeting of the Parties (COP11/MOP1): COP11/MOP1 agreed to extend Kyoto Protocol beyond its 2012 expiration date. 2009 15th Conference of the Parties/5th Meeting of the Parties (COP15/MOP5): An accord was reached but not legally binding. Participants agreed to keep the

max. temp. increase below 2 oC.

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Emissions Gap Report 2013

A UN report released ahead of the COP19 in

Warsaw in November 2013.

Co-ordinated by the UN Environment Program
Co-ordinated by the UN Environment Program

(UNEP)

Greater ambition needed to keep temperature

rise below 2° ° ° °C

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Many nations, including China, have already set

emissions reduction targets.

Various GHG control mechanisms have been

GHG emission reduction

Various GHG control mechanisms have been

established to facilitate worldwide emissions reduction.

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Challenges ahead

China has committed to reduce its

CO2 emissions per unit of GDP,

r carbon intensity, by 40 to 45%
f 2005 levels by 2020.
f 2005 levels by 2020.
In 2010, the HKSAR government has put forward a

consultation document on Climate Change Strategy which proposed setting a target to reduce the carbon intensity level by 50–60% by 2020 comparing to 2005.

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Approaches to reduce CO2 emissions CO2 emissions

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Approaches to reduce GHG emissions

A. Increase usage of cleaner fuels
B. Adopt clean coal technologies
C. Increase usage of renewable energy
D. Development of nuclear power
E. Geo-engineering (Carbon capture & storage)
F. Energy efficiency and conservation

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Approaches to reduce GHG emissions

A. Increase usage of cleaner fuels
B. Adopt clean coal technologies

Energy

C. Increase usage of renewable energy
D. Development of nuclear power
E. Geo-engineering (Carbon capture & storage)
F. Energy efficiency and conservation

Energy Producers Energy Consumers

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Roles of renewable energy for reducing carbon footprint reducing carbon footprint

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Renewable energy target for major countries [Wikipedia 2011].

Renewable energy policies

Countries Renewable energy target Target Year EU* 20% 2020 USA 25% 2025 China 15% 2020

* Baseline target (may be different for different EU countries)

China 15% 2020 Australia 20% 2020 Russia 4.5% 2020

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Common renewable energies

Solar Tidal & Wave Wind Geothermal Hydro Biofuels

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www.world-nuclear.org

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Renewable Energy Sources

Renewables Information 2006 @ OECD/IEA 2006

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Status of common renewable energies

Solar-

Solar thermal: mature technology Solar PV: research on-going on either improve efficiency or reduce the cost

Wind – mature technology for conventional wind turbine; largest growth in

the last decade; R&D for new or more efficient design the last decade; R&D for new or more efficient design

Hydro – mature technology (difficult to have drastic growth)
Tidal & Wave – R&D (difficult to control)
Geothermal – R&D
Biofuels – mature technology for certain type of biofuels

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Status of common renewable energies

Solar-

Solar thermal: mature technology Solar PV: research on-going on either improve efficiency or reduce the cost

Wind – mature technology for conventional wind turbine; largest growth in

the last decade; R&D for new or more efficient design the last decade; R&D for new or more efficient design

Hydro – mature technology (difficult to have drastic growth)
Tidal & Wave – R&D (difficult to control)
Geothermal – R&D
Biofuels – mature technology for certain type of biofuels

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Prospects and limitations of Solar PV

Commercial products available
Tremendous researches being

conducted

Limitations:
Availability
Intensity & intermittency
Environmental Impact
Cost: prohibitively more expensive

then other renewable alternatives.

Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant 97MW : the world 2nd largest solar PV power plant http://learnsomethingneweachday.wordpress.com/2012/ 01/22/worlds-largest-solar-farms/

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Wind power Wind power

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Global cumulative installed capacity 1990-2015

250 300 350 400 450

Source: Wind Power Report, ABS Energy Research 2010

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 GW 2.4 2.7 3 3.1 3.8 4.9 6 7 9.7 13 17.5 24.3 31.1 39.2 47.5 59.1 74 93.8 121 158.5199.9243.9 292 346.5 409 425 50 100 150 200

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Installed capacity of wind power in top five countries

Source: Global Wind Energy Council

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China’s total installed capacity is about 42 GW in 2010 and

will increase to 150 GW in 2020. Annual growth rate: ~14%

EU will increase its wind power to 20% of its total electric

power by 2020.

USA will increase its wind power to 30% of its total electric

Future wind power development

USA will increase its wind power to 30% of its total electric

power by 2030.

According to the Global Wind Energy Council , wind could

meet 12% of global power demand by 2020, and up to 22% to 2300 GW by 2030, saving a total of 34 billion tons of CO2.

Hong Kong does not have sufficient wind resource to widely

developed large scale wind power.

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Biofuels

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Biofuel Cycle

Source: PropelBiodiesel

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Benefits of using biofuels

Reduce reliance on fossil fuels;
Enhance energy security;

CIC ZCB in Kowloon Bay

Reduce GHG emission;
Waste management;
Enhance economy;

Estimated output from biodiesel tri- generation system: 143MWh/year Estimated CO2 reduction: 80T/year

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Main applications of biofuels

Diesel engines
Gasoline engines
Gasoline engines
Generators
Industrial & utility boilers

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Type of biofuels

Bio-gas (e.g biomass, landfill, sewage sludge)
Bio-diesel (e.g. FAME)
Bio-alcohol (e.g methanol, ethanol)
Bio-ether (e.g. Dimethyl ether)
Hydrogen (biomass basis)

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Biofuels forecast

Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2010 RFS: Renewable Fuel Standard

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Biofuels usage in different countries (a) biodiesel

Argentina : B7
Australia: B2 (NSW)
Brazil: B2 (B5 in 2015)
China
Canada: B2
Indonesia: B2.5
Costa Rica: B20
Malaysia: B5
Costa Rica: B20
Malaysia: B5
Paraguay: B1
South Korea: B2
Peru : B5
Taiwan: B1
Uruguay: B5
Thailand: B3
USA: B20
South Africa: B2 (2013)
Chile: B5
EU: 5.75% biofuels (10% by 2020)
Norway: B5
U.K.: B5 & B100 available

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Biofuels usage in different countries (b) bioethanol

Argentina : E5
Peru : E8
Brazil: E18-E20
Uruguay: E5 (2015)
Canada: E5
Indonesia: E3
Costa Rica: E7
Fuji: E10
Paraguay: E24
China (10% biofuels in 2020)

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Countries with biofuels related policy Countries with biofuels related policy Countries with biofuels related policy Countries with biofuels related policy

Sept. 2013
According to Global Renewable Fuels Alliance (GRFA),

62 countries have implemented biofuels related policies;

Interactive world biofuels map http://globalrfa.org/biofuels-map/

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Biofuels: Feedstock

1st generation: food base

Corn/maize, Soybean etc.
provide only modest reductions in GHG
can push up food prices.

2nd generation: non-food base

Biomass (waste agricultural product)
can reduce GHG emissions by at least 65%.

3rd generation: micro-algae

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Algae based biodiesel

養分循環用水循環用生物質

空氣與水分控制水藻生長獲得水藻榨出油分水藻油

Source: http://www.our-energy.com/biofuel_production_from_algae.html Source: http://making-biodiesel-books.com Source: agriculture-farming-worth-subsidizing http://leftcoastvoices.wordpress.com/2012/03/08/

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Biogas from landfill

Source: www.uk-energy-saving.com

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Biogas from the sludge of wastewater plant

C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH4 Anaerobic reaction:

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Renewable energy resources in China

Hydro power

400GW, 1700TWh (210Mtce); (~150GW at present)

Wind

1000GW (250GW on shore + 750GW offshore); (~5GW at

present)

2500TWh (307Mtce)
2500TWh (307Mtce)

Solar PV

520GW, 1000TWh (130Mtce)

Biomass (for electricity generation and biofuels for vehicles)

500Mtce

Totally: 1.15Btce (17% of energy demand in 2050, 6.5Btce)

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Renewable energy resources in Hong Kong

Wind

Urban wind speed too low for wind power generation (< 2m/s)
Good wind resources (> 600W/m2) at mountain and offshore

location Solar PV

Good solar resource (estimated to be 6000 GWh/yr, and ~120

kW/m2/day)

Solar PV: cost is going down
BIPV: demonstrated economically feasible

Bio-resources

Very little biomass
Tremendous waste (UFO, municipal waste, wastewater treatment

plant sludge, etc.) that can used to produce biofuels and biogas

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Examples of renewable energy Examples of renewable energy projects in Hong Kong

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350kW solar PV in EMSD Headquarter

Electricity from solar PV

47 From: http://re.emsd.gov.hk/english/solar/solar_ph/solar_ph_ep.html

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5,500 PV panels (thin-film) are erected on rooftops of the Main Station Building inside Lamma Power Station, covering a total area of 8,470 m2. Design capacity is 550 kW.

Electricity from solar PV

48 Photos from http://www.heh.com/hehWeb/MediaCentre/PressRelease/Year2010/29072010_en.htm

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Electricity from BIPV

BIPV in Science Park phase 1 with output power ~200 kW

Source: http://www.mech.hku.hk/sbe/case_study/case/hk/sc_pk/fea_bipv.htm

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Electricity from wind and solar power

CLP has installed HK’s first commercial-scale standalone renewable

energy (RE) generation and storage system on Town Island;

Involved two phases of installation: 1st phase completed by Jan 2010 and

2nd phase completed by end of 2012;

Includes 672 solar panels, 2 wind turbines and 576
Includes 672 solar panels, 2 wind turbines and 576

batteries with an installed generating capacity of 200 kW;

Source: CLP website www.clp.com.hk

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Electricity from offshore wind farms

HEC installed a 800 kW wind turbine on Lamma Island in

2006 – the largest and the only commercial wind power generator in HK;

HEC proposed a 100 MW offshore wind farm near

Lamma Island with 28 to 35 wind turbines and expected to produce 175 M kWh of electricity per year;

CLP proposed a 200 MW offshore

wind farm in the south-eastern waters of HK near Sai Kung.

HEC offshore windfarm CLP offshore windfarm

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Biodiesel from used frying oils

Dynamic Progress International
Biodiesel
Annual production: 60,000 tonnes
Feedstock: UFO
Champway Technology Ltd.
Biodiesel
Annual production: 22,000 tonnes
Feedstock: UFO
ASB Biodiesel (HK) Ltd.
Annual production: 100,000 tonnes
Feedstock: UFO, trapped grease, palm fatty acid distillate

Biodiesel manufacturing plant of Dynamic Progress in Tuen Mun

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Electricity/power generation from biogas

Combined heat & power generator
330 kW and 635 kW at Shek Wu Hui STW
625 kW x 2 at Tai Po STW
30 kW micro turbine for

electricity generation About 10M m3 of biogas (mainly CH4) is produced from the sewage treatment works in H.K.

Dual fuel engine generator at Sha Tin STW Source: DSD website A 330kW CHP generator at the Shek Wu Hui STW to generate electricity and heat for use of plant facilities Source: DSD website

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Renewable energy generated from water treatment works

The WSD of HKSAR has adopted 70 renewable energy installations including:

Photovoltaic panel (64 sets)
Wind turbine (4 sets)
Hydro-turbine (8 sets) generating 3M kWh of electricity yearly.

A model of the Tuen Mun water treatment works hydropower plant, which is setting a power-saving precedent. Source: SCMP Nov. 4, 2013.

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Hong Kong Sludge Treatment plant

Built by EPD, is the largest sludge incineration plant in the world;
Burn sludge from local wastewater treatment plants that can reduce

90% of its volume;

Totally 4 incinerators each can burnt 500 tonnes sludge per day;
Will install 2 steam turbine and generator sets with capacity of 10

MW each. MW each.

Produce power to support its operation need and export to the grid

(up to 2MW).

Source: http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/4020.jhtml#5 Source: https://enr.construction.com/engineering/subscription/ LoginSubscribe.aspx?cid=20344

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Summary remarks

Enormous amount of GHG is emitted to our

atmosphere due to our great reliance on fossil based energy as a result of fast economic growth in our society;

Serious effects have been imposed on our environment

due to global warming and climate change in the world;

Different approaches have been identified to reduce the

carbon emission intensity according to the needs of individual country;

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Summary remarks (cont’d)

Renewable energy can play a major role in reducing the

carbon emission but we have to pay for a higher cost;

Although HK does not has much renewable resources,

efforts have been made in various sectors in using efforts have been made in various sectors in using renewable energy for different applications such as heat and power generation, and transportation;

The amount of renewable energy usage is still small in
HK. Incentive and support from the SAR government

are important for further promoting the use of renewable energy in H.K.

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