Regional Differences in Electricity Accessibility among the Asian - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Regional Differences in Electricity Accessibility among the Asian Least Developed Countries

FUKUYO, Dean, Prof. Yamaguchi University

Background

 Electricity is a key to socioeconomic development  In the ASEAN countries, the energy consumption,

especially the electricity consumption, has been rapidly increasing with the economic development and improvement in living standards

 The following figures show the residential energy

consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan (IEA, 2015)

Residential energy consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan in 1990

5 10 15 20 Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Japan Energy Cons. [GJ / c / a] Coal and peat Oil products Natural gas Biofuels and waste Electricity

(1995 for Cambodia)

Residential energy consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan in 2012

5 10 15 20 Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Japan Energy Cons. [GJ / c / a] Coal and peat Oil products Natural gas Biofuels and waste Electricity

Residential energy consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan in 2012

5 10 15 20 Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Japan Energy Cons. [GJ / c / a] Coal and peat Oil products Natural gas Biofuels and waste Electricity In six of the nine ASEAN countries (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, and Cambodia), the residential energy consumption per capita rose more than 1.3 times from 1990 to 2012

Residential energy consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan in 2012

5 10 15 20 Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Japan Energy Cons. [GJ / c / a] Coal and peat Oil products Natural gas Biofuels and waste Electricity It should be noted that the residential electricity consumption increased 11.4 times from 1990 to 2012 in Viet Nam and 15.9 times from 1995 to 2012 in Cambodia

Focus

 I focus on the increase in the electricity consumption

in the least developed countries such as Cambodia and Laos, describes the longitudinal changes in the electricity consumption

 And present problems such as regional inequality in

electricity distribution

Brief information of Cambodia and Laos

 Cambodia  Lao PDR

Population: 7.03 million* GDP per capita: 1,816USD* GDP growth rate: 7.3%* Source: *Estimated 2015 values by IMF (IMF, 2015) Population: 15.54 million* GDP per capita: 1,146USD* GDP growth rate: 7.2%*

Electricity Generation, Import, and Consumption in Cambodia

9

Generation Imported 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 2002 20032004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Electricity [GWh] Year Consumption Source: EAC

Electricity Generation, Import, and Consumption in Cambodia

10

Generation Imported 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 2002 20032004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Electricity [GWh] Year Consumption Source: EAC

• The electricity is mainly generated

by hydro and thermal power stations in Cambodia

• However, the domestic electricity

generation has not caught up with the consumption since 2008

Electricity Generation, Import, and Consumption in Cambodia

11

Generation Imported 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 2002 20032004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Electricity [GWh] Year Consumption Source: EAC

• The rise of the electricity consumption

causes serious problems

• Although the move from firewood to

electricity leads to forest preservation, the thermal power generation results carbon dioxide emissions

Electricity Consumption by Province in Cambodia (2012)

500 1000 1500 Banteay Meanchey Battambang Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondol Kiri Phnom Penh Preah Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanakiri Siem Reap Sihanouk Stueng Treng Svay Rieng Takeo Oddor Meanchay Kep Pailin

• Cons. [GWh / a]

500 1000 1500 Banteay Meanchey Battambang Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondol Kiri Phnom Penh Preah Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanakiri Siem Reap Sihanouk Stueng Treng Svay Rieng Takeo Oddor Meanchay Kep Pailin

• Cons. [kWh / c / a]

Calculated on the basis of EAC statistics

Electricity Consumption by Province in Cambodia (2012)

500 1000 1500 Banteay Meanchey Battambang Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondol Kiri Phnom Penh Preah Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanakiri Siem Reap Sihanouk Stueng Treng Svay Rieng Takeo Oddor Meanchay Kep Pailin

• Cons. [GWh / a]

500 1000 1500 Banteay Meanchey Battambang Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondol Kiri Phnom Penh Preah Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanakiri Siem Reap Sihanouk Stueng Treng Svay Rieng Takeo Oddor Meanchay Kep Pailin

• Cons. [kWh / c / a]

Calculated on the basis of EAC statistics

• This figure exhibits electricity

inequality within the country

• The people in Phnom Penh city (the

capital city) and Kandal Province (the neighbouring province to the capital) enjoy the benefits of electricity

• But the people in the rural

provinces such as PreahVihear are hard to access the electricity

• Concentration of the electricity grid

in urban area leads to the widening the inequality in electricity accessibility and living standards.

Countermeasure for unstable power supply

Electricity Generation, Import, Export and Consumption in Laos

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Electricity [GWh] Imported Generation Exported Consumption Source: EDL

Electricity Generation, Import, Export and Consumption in Laos

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Electricity [GWh] Imported Generation Exported Consumption Source: EDL

• The electricity is mainly generated by hydro

power stations on the Mekong in Laos

• In the border areas the electricity is

imported and exported

• The electricity generation has barely met

the increasing consumption in recent years

Electricity Consumption by Province in Laos (2012)

500 1000 1500 Vientiane Cap. Phongsali Luangnamtha Oudomsay Bokeo Luangprabang Houaphan Saiyabouli Xiengkhuang Vientiane Prov. Bolikhamsay Khammouane Savannakhet Saravan Champasak Attapeu Xekong

• Cons. [GWh / a]

500 1000 1500 Vientiane Cap. Phongsali Luangnamtha Oudomsay Bokeo Luangprabang Houaphan Saiyabouli Xiengkhuang Vientiane Prov. Bolikhamsay Khammouane Savannakhet Saravan Champasak Attapeu Xekong

• Cons. [kWh / c / a]

Calculated on the basis of EDL statistics

Electricity Consumption by Province in Laos (2012)

500 1000 1500 Vientiane Cap. Phongsali Luangnamtha Oudomsay Bokeo Luangprabang Houaphan Saiyabouli Xiengkhuang Vientiane Prov. Bolikhamsay Khammouane Savannakhet Saravan Champasak Attapeu Xekong

• Cons. [GWh / a]

500 1000 1500 Vientiane Cap. Phongsali Luangnamtha Oudomsay Bokeo Luangprabang Houaphan Saiyabouli Xiengkhuang Vientiane Prov. Bolikhamsay Khammouane Savannakhet Saravan Champasak Attapeu Xekong

• Cons. [kWh / c / a]

Calculated on the basis of EDL statistics

• In the capital city and the

neighbouring province (Vientiane capital and province) consume electricity the most

• Although this figure exhibits

electricity inequality within the country, the inequality is not severe as compared with Cambodia.

Lorentz curves for electricity consumption in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Cumulative Electricity Consumption Cumulative Population Thailand Gini: 0.523 Laos Gini: 0.486 Cambodia Gini: 0.604

Lorentz curves for electricity consumption in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Cumulative Electricity Consumption Cumulative Population Thailand Gini: 0.523 Laos Gini: 0.486 Cambodia Gini: 0.604

These Gini coefficients indicate the intra- country inequality in electricity consumption quantitatively

Lorentz curves for electricity consumption in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Cumulative Electricity Consumption Cumulative Population Thailand Gini: 0.523 Laos Gini: 0.486 Cambodia Gini: 0.604

• The Gini coefficient of Laos (0.486) is smaller

than those of Thailand (0.523) and Cambodia (0.604)

• The inequality in electricity consumption in

Laos is not severe as compared with Cambodia.

Factors, which affect the electricity consumption

 There seem to be many factors that may influence

the inequality in electricity consumption, such as geographical condition, socioeconomic situation, etc.

 Larivierè and Lafrance showed a negative correlation

between the population density and electricity consumption in urban areas in Canada (Larivierè and Lafrance, 1999)

 Is there any relationship between the population

density and electricity consumption in the least developed countries?

Population Density vs Electricity Consumption per capita per annum in Cambodia and Laos in 2012 Cambodia, 2012 Laos, 2012

1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Consumption [kWh / c / a]

• Pop. Density [person / km2]

Phnom Penh Kandal 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Consumption [kWh / c / a]

• Pop. Density [person / km2]

Vientiane Cap. Vientiane Prov.

Population Density vs Electricity Consumption per capita per annum in Cambodia and Laos in 2012 Cambodia, 2012 Laos, 2012

1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Consumption [kWh / c / a]

• Pop. Density [person / km2]

Phnom Penh Kandal 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Consumption [kWh / c / a]

• Pop. Density [person / km2]

Vientiane Cap. Vientiane Prov.

• There seems to be a positive correlation between the population

density and electricity consumption in whole but not in detail

Population Density vs Electricity Consumption per capita per annum in Cambodia and Laos in 2012 Cambodia, 2012 Laos, 2012

1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Consumption [kWh / c / a]

• Pop. Density [person / km2]

Phnom Penh Kandal 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Consumption [kWh / c / a]

• Pop. Density [person / km2]

Vientiane Cap. Vientiane Prov.

• In some provinces in Cambodia,

the electricity consumption is less than 100 kWh per capita per annum even though the population density exceeds 100 person / km2

Population Density vs Electricity Consumption per capita per annum in Cambodia and Laos in 2012 Cambodia, 2012 Laos, 2012

1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Consumption [kWh / c / a]

• Pop. Density [person / km2]

Phnom Penh Kandal 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Consumption [kWh / c / a]

• Pop. Density [person / km2]

Vientiane Cap. Vientiane Prov.

• In many provinces in Laos,

the electricity consumption exceeds 100 kWh per capita per annum independently of the population density.

Inequality in electricity

 There is a possibility that the inequality in electricity

consumption will be gradually resolved in the populated provinces in Cambodia

 A higher concentration of people encourages economic

activity and investment to infrastructures including electricity grids

 On the contrary, the inequality in electricity consumption

may not be resolved in sparsely-populated areas unless some measures are taken

Effective measures

 In the sparsely-populated areas, the construction

and connection of the national electricity grids may not be economical

 Establishment of cross-border electricity grids,

construction of local micro-grids, and introduction of renewable energy technologies will be effective measures

 Electrification by biomass (Abe et al., 2007) and

solar power (Janjai et al., 2011) are higher potential measures in Cambodia

Introducing PV cells in the rural areas

 Freeman Dyson wrote that

 “A working solar energy system can make an enormous

difference to the quality of life in a tropical village. Thirty or fifty watts of direct current is enough to run a couple of fluorescent light, a radio, or a small black-and-white television for several hours every night” (Dyson, 1999)

 The rural electrification promotion project by

introducing PV cells in Laos, which was supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), will become helpful in solving the inequality in electricity use in Cambodia

Conclusion

 The rise of electricity consumption and the intra-

country inequality in electricity use in the least developed ASEAN countries, i.e. Cambodia and Laos, were described

 The Lorentz curves and Gini coefficients indicated

the severe inequality in Cambodia as compared with Laos

 Some countermeasures for solving the inequality,

such as establishment of the cross-border electricity grid, construction of local micro-grids, and introduction of renewable energy were required