Regional Differences in Electricity Accessibility among the Asian - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Regional Differences in Electricity Accessibility among the Asian Least Developed Countries FUKUYO, Dean, Prof. Yamaguchi University

Background  Electricity is a key to socioeconomic development  In the ASEAN countries, the energy consumption, especially the electricity consumption, has been rapidly increasing with the economic development and improvement in living standards  The following figures show the residential energy consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan (IEA, 2015)

Residential energy consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan in 1990 Energy Cons. [GJ / c / a] 0 5 10 15 20 Brunei Cambodia Coal and peat Indonesia Malaysia Oil products Myanmar Natural gas Philippines Singapore Biofuels and waste Thailand Viet Nam Electricity Japan (1995 for Cambodia)

Residential energy consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan in 2012 Energy Cons. [GJ / c / a] 0 5 10 15 20 Brunei Cambodia Coal and peat Indonesia Malaysia Oil products Myanmar Natural gas Philippines Singapore Biofuels and waste Thailand Viet Nam Electricity Japan

Residential energy consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan in 2012 Energy Cons. [GJ / c / a] 0 5 10 15 20 Brunei Cambodia In six of the nine ASEAN Coal and peat Indonesia countries (Brunei, Malaysia, Malaysia Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, Oil products and Cambodia), the residential Myanmar energy consumption per capita Natural gas Philippines rose more than 1.3 times from Singapore 1990 to 2012 Biofuels and waste Thailand Viet Nam Electricity Japan

Residential energy consumption per capita per annum in the ASEAN countries and Japan in 2012 Energy Cons. [GJ / c / a] 0 5 10 15 20 Brunei Cambodia Coal and peat It should be noted that the Indonesia residential electricity Malaysia Oil products consumption increased 11.4 Myanmar times from 1990 to 2012 in Viet Natural gas Philippines Nam and 15.9 times from 1995 Singapore to 2012 in Cambodia Biofuels and waste Thailand Viet Nam Electricity Japan

Focus  I focus on the increase in the electricity consumption in the least developed countries such as Cambodia and Laos, describes the longitudinal changes in the electricity consumption  And present problems such as regional inequality in electricity distribution

Brief information of Cambodia and Laos  Lao PDR Population: 7.03 million* GDP per capita: 1,816USD* GDP growth rate: 7.3%*  Cambodia Population: 15.54 million* GDP per capita: 1,146USD* GDP growth rate: 7.2%* Source: *Estimated 2015 values by IMF (IMF, 2015)

Electricity Generation, Import, and Consumption in Cambodia 6000 5000 Consumption Electricity [GWh] 4000 3000 2000 Imported 1000 Generation 0 2002 20032004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year Source: EAC 9

Electricity Generation, Import, and Consumption in Cambodia 6000 • The electricity is mainly generated by hydro and thermal power 5000 Consumption stations in Cambodia Electricity [GWh] • However, the domestic electricity 4000 generation has not caught up with the consumption since 2008 3000 2000 Imported 1000 Generation 0 2002 20032004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year Source: EAC 10

Electricity Generation, Import, and Consumption in Cambodia 6000 • The rise of the electricity consumption causes serious problems 5000 Consumption • Although the move from firewood to Electricity [GWh] electricity leads to forest preservation, 4000 the thermal power generation results carbon dioxide emissions 3000 2000 Imported 1000 Generation 0 2002 20032004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year Source: EAC 11

Electricity Consumption by Province in Cambodia (2012) Pailin Pailin Kep Kep Oddor Meanchay Oddor Meanchay Takeo Takeo Svay Rieng Svay Rieng Stueng Treng Stueng Treng Sihanouk Sihanouk Siem Reap Siem Reap Ratanakiri Ratanakiri Pursat Pursat Prey Veng Prey Veng Preah Vihear Preah Vihear Phnom Penh Phnom Penh Mondol Kiri Mondol Kiri Kratie Kratie Koh Kong Koh Kong Kandal Kandal Kampot Kampot Kampong Thom Kampong Thom Kampong Speu Kampong Speu Kampong Chhnang Kampong Chhnang Kampong Cham Kampong Cham Battambang Battambang Banteay Meanchey Banteay Meanchey 0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 Cons. [kWh / c / a] Cons. [GWh / a] Calculated on the basis of EAC statistics

Electricity Consumption by Province in Cambodia (2012) Pailin Pailin Kep Kep • This figure exhibits electricity Oddor Meanchay Oddor Meanchay Takeo Takeo inequality within the country Svay Rieng Svay Rieng Stueng Treng Stueng Treng • The people in Phnom Penh city (the Sihanouk Sihanouk capital city) and Kandal Province Siem Reap Siem Reap Ratanakiri Ratanakiri (the neighbouring province to the Pursat Pursat Prey Veng Prey Veng capital) enjoy the benefits of Preah Vihear Preah Vihear Phnom Penh Phnom Penh electricity Mondol Kiri Mondol Kiri Kratie Kratie • But the people in the rural Koh Kong Koh Kong provinces such as PreahVihear are Kandal Kandal Kampot Kampot hard to access the electricity Kampong Thom Kampong Thom Kampong Speu Kampong Speu • Concentration of the electricity grid Kampong Chhnang Kampong Chhnang Kampong Cham Kampong Cham in urban area leads to the widening Battambang Battambang Banteay Meanchey Banteay Meanchey the inequality in electricity 0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 accessibility and living standards. Cons. [kWh / c / a] Cons. [GWh / a] Calculated on the basis of EAC statistics

Countermeasure for unstable power supply

Electricity Generation, Import, Export and Consumption in Laos 6000 5000 Imported Generation Electricity [GWh] 4000 Exported Consumption 3000 2000 1000 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: EDL

Electricity Generation, Import, Export and Consumption in Laos 6000 • The electricity is mainly generated by hydro 5000 Imported power stations on the Mekong in Laos • In the border areas the electricity is Generation Electricity [GWh] 4000 imported and exported Exported • The electricity generation has barely met Consumption 3000 the increasing consumption in recent years 2000 1000 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: EDL

Electricity Consumption by Province in Laos (2012) Xekong Xekong Attapeu Attapeu Champasak Champasak Saravan Saravan Savannakhet Savannakhet Khammouane Khammouane Bolikhamsay Bolikhamsay Vientiane Prov. Vientiane Prov. Xiengkhuang Xiengkhuang Saiyabouli Saiyabouli Houaphan Houaphan Luangprabang Luangprabang Bokeo Bokeo Oudomsay Oudomsay Luangnamtha Luangnamtha Phongsali Phongsali Vientiane Cap. Vientiane Cap. 0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 Cons. [GWh / a] Cons. [kWh / c / a] Calculated on the basis of EDL statistics

Electricity Consumption by Province in Laos (2012) Xekong Xekong • In the capital city and the Attapeu Attapeu neighbouring province (Vientiane Champasak Champasak capital and province) consume Saravan Saravan electricity the most Savannakhet Savannakhet Khammouane Khammouane • Although this figure exhibits Bolikhamsay Bolikhamsay electricity inequality within the Vientiane Prov. Vientiane Prov. country, the inequality is not severe Xiengkhuang Xiengkhuang Saiyabouli Saiyabouli as compared with Cambodia. Houaphan Houaphan Luangprabang Luangprabang Bokeo Bokeo Oudomsay Oudomsay Luangnamtha Luangnamtha Phongsali Phongsali Vientiane Cap. Vientiane Cap. 0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 Cons. [GWh / a] Cons. [kWh / c / a] Calculated on the basis of EDL statistics

Lorentz curves for electricity consumption in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand 1 0.8 Cumulative Electricity Consumption Laos 0.6 Gini: 0.486 Thailand 0.4 Gini: 0.523 Cambodia 0.2 Gini: 0.604 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Cumulative Population

Lorentz curves for electricity consumption in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand 1 These Gini coefficients indicate the intra- country inequality in electricity consumption quantitatively 0.8 Cumulative Electricity Consumption Laos 0.6 Gini: 0.486 Thailand 0.4 Gini: 0.523 Cambodia 0.2 Gini: 0.604 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Cumulative Population

Lorentz curves for electricity consumption in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand 1 • The Gini coefficient of Laos (0.486) is smaller than those of Thailand (0.523) and Cambodia (0.604) 0.8 Cumulative Electricity • The inequality in electricity consumption in Laos is not severe as compared with Consumption Laos Cambodia. 0.6 Gini: 0.486 Thailand 0.4 Gini: 0.523 Cambodia 0.2 Gini: 0.604 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Cumulative Population